LANIID.E — THE SHRIKES. 413 



B. Outer webs of secondaries black to the base. Upper eyelids black. 



a. White crescent on lower eyelid. Beneath with wavy bars of dusky in 

 all stages. Tarsus less than 1.00 ; Aving more than 4.50. 



C. borealis. Upper half of nasal tufts white. Black spectacle bordered 

 above the ear-coverts by hoary whitish. Scapulars and upper tail- 

 coverts approaching white. Wing, 4.70 ; tail, 4.70 ; tarsus, .93. Hob. 

 Arctic America; in winter south into United States, especially into 

 the northern portions. 



b. No white crescent on lower eyelid. Beneath without bars, except in 

 young. Tarsus more than 1.00 ; wing less than 4.50. 



C. ludovicianus. Black spectacle not bordered over ear-coverts with 

 whitish. 



White patch on primaties reaching nearly as far as end of first quill. 

 Nasal tufts entirely black. 



Black of lores and nasal tufts bordered above with hoary whitish. 

 Tail white at base; inner webs of secondaries paler toward margin, 

 but not abruptly Avhite. Beneath entirely white, without ashy tinge 

 laterally, or across breast. Axillars whitish. Upper tail-coverts 

 ashy-white, scapulars pure Avhite. Wing, 4.10; tail, . 4.20 ; tarsus, 

 1.10 ; bill, .50. Hab. Western North America from Pacific Coast 

 east to a little beyond the Mississippi, and to Texas. Nearly all of 

 Mexico var. ex cub ito r aides. 



Black of lores, etc., not bordered above by wiiitish. Tail black at 

 base. Inner webs of secondaries pure white to the shaft on basal 

 half. Beneath tinged with ashy laterally and across breast. 

 Scapulars and upper tail-coverts hardly different from back. Bill, 

 .60. Hah. California and fur countries . . . var. robust u s . 



White patch on p)riniaries reaching only about half-u-ay to end of 

 first quill. Nasal tufts hoary-grayish above. 



Black of lores bordered above by hoary -whitish. Tail as in elegans, 

 — secondaries as in exoubitoroides. Beneath very strongly tinged 

 with plumbeous laterally and across breast. Upper tail-coverts like 

 the back, posterior scapulars only inclining to white. Axillars 

 plumbeous. Wing, 3.80 ; tail, 3.95 ; tarsus, 1.00 ; bill, .50. Hab. 

 South Atlantic and Gulf States .... var. ludovicianus. 



We now proceed to give a more detailed table of these species, and under 

 the heading of each shall omit any further description : — 



General Color, Bluish or plumbeous ash above; the outer edges of scapulars, 

 sometimes the forehead and rump, paler. Beneath white, sometimes with waved 

 transverse dark lines. A broad black stripe from side of upper bill through eye 

 (extending more widely beneath than above it, sometimes wanting above) to end 

 of ear-coverts. Wings (except lesser coverts) and tail black ; the former with 

 a white patch across base of primaries, sometimes on inner webs of secondaries) ; 

 the secondaries tipped with white; the tail with broad white tips to the lateral 

 feathers, the concealed bases of which are also usually white. 



A. Black cheek-stripes involving eyelid only on upper border of eye. and 

 not meeting across the forehead. A crescentic patch of white in the black 

 below the eye ; upper edge of black stripe behind the eye bordered by hoary 

 whitish. Breast and belly always with distinct, transverse waved lines of 

 dusky. Bill, when mature, entirely black. Length about 10 inches. 



