FALCONID^ — THE FALCONS. 183 



Young. Feathers of the upper parts bordered terminally with wliite. Sexes 

 ahke (?). 



Wing, 17.00-20.50; tail, 7.00- 10.00; culmen, 1.20-1.45; tarsus, 

 1.95-3.15; middle toe, 1.50-1.90. Second or third quills longest 

 (in eighteen specimens from Europe and Asia). First longer than fifth. 

 Breast always (?) spotted with brownish, or uniformly so ; top of head 

 with the black streaks usually predominating. Tail with six to seven 

 narrow black bands, continuous across both webs. Hob. Northern 

 Hemisphere of the Old World var. halicetus } 



Wing, 17.50-21.50; tail, 8.70-10.50; culmen, 1.25-1.40; tarsus, 2.00- 

 2.40 ; middle toe, 1.70 - 2.00. Second and third quill longest. Breast 

 often entirely without spots; top of head and nape usually with dark 

 streaks predominating. Tail with six to seven narrow black bands, 

 continuous across both webs. Hah. Northern Hemisphere of the 

 New World var. '■^ car olinensis." 



Wmg, 17..50- 19.50; tail, 9.00-10.00; culmen, 1.25-1.40; tarsus, 

 2.10 ; middle toe, 1.70- 1.95. Third quill longest, but second just per- 

 ceptibly shorter (eight specimens, including Gould's types). Breast 

 with the markings sometimes (in two out of the eight examples) 

 reduced to sparse shaft-streaks, but never (?) entirely immaculate. 

 Top of tlie head with the white streaks usually predominating, some- 

 times (in three out of the eight specimens) immaculate white (the 

 occiput, however, always with a few streaks). Tail with six to seven 

 white bands on the inner webs, which (according to Kaup) do not 

 touch the shaft. Hnb. Australia . . . var. ^' leucocephalu s." * 



1 Pandion halicctus, var. luilicetus (Lixx.). Aquila halia'tus, Buiss. Orn. I, 440, pi. xxxiv. 

 Falco halicctus, Linn. S. N. I, 1766, 129. Pandion halioitus. Less. JIan. Orn. \, 86. Falco 

 arundinacms, Gmel. 1733. Pandion fluvialis, Savign. Descr. Egyp. \, 96, 1809. Pandion 

 alticeps and pla7nceps, Brehm, Viig. Deutschl. 33, 1831. Pandion indicus, Hodgs. Cat. Gray's 

 Misc. 81. 



S'2Kcimens examined. — Nat. Mas., 3; Best. Soc, 2; Philad. Acad., 3; other source.^, 10. 

 Total, 18. 



Measurements. — $ . AVing, 18.00-18.50; tail, 8.50-8.70; culmen, 1.20-1.30; tar.sus, 

 1.95-2.00 ; middle toe, 1.50-1.80. Specimens, 4. 9. Wing, 19.50-20.50 ; tail, 9.00-9.50 ; 

 culmen, 1.35-1.45 ; tarsus, 2.00- 2.10; middle toe, 1.85-1.90. Spechnens, 4. 



Five specimens from the Palsarctic Region (including one from Japan and one from Morocco) 

 compare with three from India as follows : — 



Palsearctic specimens : Wing, 18.70 - 20.40 ; tail, 9.00- 10.00 ; culmen, 1.28 - 1.35 ; tarsu.s, 

 2.15; middle toe, 1.75-1.80. 



Indian specimens : Wing, 17.00-19.75 ; tail, 7.00-8.75 ; culmen, 1.28-1.35 ; tarsus, 2.00 ; 

 middle toe, 1.75. 



The Indian specimens are slightly darker than the northern ones. In the northern series,' the 

 smallest is one from Morocco. This has the breast as white as any Australian example, and has 

 the head and neck above as light as in many of them. The Jajjanese specimen is exactly like 

 European ones in color, but is intermediate between them and the Indian ones in size, measuring, 

 whig, 17.50 ; tail, 8.80 ; culmen, 1.30 ; tarsus, 2.15 ; middle toe, 1.60. The smallest in the 

 series is one from Celebes, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge (No. 12,196). 

 This one measures, wing, 15.20 ; tail, 7.50 ; culmen, 1.20 ; tarsus, 2.00 ; and middle toe, 1.60. 

 In colors it approaches very closely to var. leucocejjhalus. 



2 Pandion halioitzcs, var. leucoccphalus (Gould). Pandion fluviatilis, var. 1, Less. Tr. Orn. 

 1831, 46. Pandion leucocephalus, Gould, Synop. R. Austr. I, 1832, 22, i)l. vi. Pandion govldi, 

 Kai^p, Isis, 1847. 



Specimens examined. — Philad. Acad., 8 (Gould's types) ; P>oston Soc, 1. Total, 9. 



