256 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Species and Races. 



A. Three outer primaries with their inner webs cut or emarginated. 



1. B. pennsylvanicus. Wing, 9.85-11.40; tail, 6.30- 8.00 ; culmen, .70- 

 .80; tarsus, 2.15-2.80; middle toe, 1.20-1,40. Third to fourth quill 

 longest; first shorter than seventh. Adult. Tail dull black, paler at the tip, 

 crossed by two to four bands of dilute umber, or brownish-white, var^'ing in 

 width, but the last always broadest. Upper tail-coverts tipped and barred 

 with white. Lower parts dull rufous-brown, nearly unbroken on the breast, 

 but posteriorly much variegated with roundish transverse spots of white, 

 forming broad transverse bars, interrupted by the dusky shaft. Upper 

 parts dark umber, darker on the back. Yotmg. Tail dull grayish-umber, . 

 growing darker terminally, narrowly tipped with whitish, and crossed by 

 about six narrow and indistinct bands of dusky ; these gradually becoming 

 obsolete basally, the last much broader. Lower parts white, or light ochra- 

 ceous, with longitudinal spots of dark brown or blackish on the sides of the 

 breast and abdomen, and roundish or transversely cordate ones on the sides, 

 flanks, and tibite. A conspicuous " mustache " on the cheeks, from the rictus 

 down. Upper parts much as in the adult. Ilab. Eastern North America, 

 and Middle America, south to Bogota and Caraccas. 



2. B. swainsoni. Wing, 12.00 - 17.00 ; tail, G.50- 9.00 ; culmen, .80-95; 

 tarsus, 2.95-2.70 ; middle toe, 1.50- 1.70. Third to fourth (usually third) 

 quills longest; first usually longer than seventh. Adult. Tail dark grayish- 

 brown, sometimes with a hoary cast, crossed by five to seven, or more, 

 narrow bands of dusky, usually very obscure, and bbcoming obsolete 

 basally. Colors of other portions extremely variable ; the upper parts, 

 however, continuous, unvariegated, dark brown, or blackish ; the lower 

 parts sometimes also entirely dusky, except the tail-coverts, which are 

 always (?) barred with white. Normal j)lumage. A dark area covering the 

 jugulum and breast, dull rufous in the (J, and dark grayish-brown in the 9* 

 Other lower parts whitish, sometimes pure, and nearly immaculate, but 

 usually more or less tinged with ochraceous and rufous, and transversely 

 barred with various shades of brovs^n. Young. Tail hoary brownish-gray, 

 crossed by numerous, very indistinct, narrow bands of darker, and faintly 

 tipped with whitish. Ground-color of the head, neck, and lower parts, light 

 ochraceous, or cream-color (sometimes nearly white), the anterior upper 

 parts with large longitudinally ovate spots of black ; these assuming the form 

 of streaks on the head and neck. Sides of the breast with an aggregation 

 of larger spots of the same, and sides with sparser hastate or deltoid spots. 

 Upper parts purplish-black, more or less variegated with ochraceous ; the 

 relative proportion of the two colors varying with the individual. 



Wing, 14.40-17.00; tail, 8.00-9.50; culmen, .80 -.95; tarsus, 2.30- 

 2.70; middle toe, 1.50-1.70. Weight 1^ - 3i lbs. Hah. Western 

 Province of North America, from the Mississippi Valley, and the region 

 of the Great Lakes (Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, to Arkansas, also 

 Canada and Massachusetts) to the Pacific . . . var. swainsoni. 



Wing, 12.00-15.30; tail, 6.50-9.00; culmen, .85 -.90; tarsus, 1.95- 

 2.60 ; middle toe, 1.50 - 1.60. Colors similar, but the young paler than 

 that of var. sivainsoni. Adult unknown. Hab. Middle and South 

 America, and southern border of the western United States, from New 

 Mexico to Buenos Ayres (two specimens, Co-sta Rica, and Buenos 

 Ayres, Mus. S. I.) var. oxypterus. 



