282 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



the scapulars and wing-coverts ; beneath white, usually with a belt of blackish spots 

 across the abdomen ; sometimes wholly dusky or blackish beneath, but the pectoral region 

 always appreciably lighter than the abdomen ; under surface of primaries plain white 

 anterior to their emargination. Young. Tail grayish-brown, with nine or ten narrow, 

 sharply defined bands of blackish. Pattern of other parts as in the adult, but the white 

 purer, and the plumage generally with less rufous. 



Hab. Entire continent of North America ; West Indies. 



The plumage varies from wholly dusky blackish, with a paler, more 

 brownish, pectoral area, and the tail of the adult with numerous black 

 bars, or indications of bars, to the very base (var. calurus), through va- 

 rious proportionate degrees of rufous and dusky, to entirely pure white 

 beneath, without any spotting ; the tail of the adult without a single 

 black bar (vars. krideri and lucasanus). 



Var. borealis, Gmeldj. . 



EASTERN RED-TAIL. 



Falco borealis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 266, 1789. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 25, 1790 ; Syn. I, p. 

 50, 1780 ; Supp. II, 34, 1787 ; Gen. Hist. I, p. 265, 1821. — Daud. Tr. Orn. 11, 157, 

 1800. —Shaw, Zool. VH, 112, 1812. —Wils. Am. Orn. pi. Hi, fig. 1, 1808. —Sa-b. 

 Frankl. Exp. p. 670. — Warl. Isis, p. 517, 1831. — Bonap. Ann. N. Y. Lye. H, pp. 

 32, 434; Isis, p. 1138, 1832. —AuD. Birds Am. pi. li, 1831 ; Orn. Biog. \, p. 265, 

 1831; Syn. VI. — Gray, Genera, 1840. — Rich. F. B. A. II, 50, 1831. — Nutt. 

 Man. I, 102, 1840. — Gosse, Birds Jam. II, 1847. —Dough. Cab. I, 229, jil. xxx, 

 1830. Buteo borealis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. IV, p. 478, 1819 ; Enc. Meth. 



III, p. 1222, 1823. — Vio. ZooL Journ. I, p. 340 ; Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 15. — Steph. 

 Zobl. XIII, pt. 2, p. 47, 1826. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 79, 1831. —James. (Wils.) Am. 

 Orn. I, pp. 82, 84, 1808. — Jaud. (Wils.) Am. Orn. H, pp. 280, 282, 1808. — Brew. 

 (AViLS.) Am. Orn. p. 450 ; Synop. p. 684. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 3, 1838 ; 

 Consp. Av. p. 19. — AuD. Synop. p. 6, 1839. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6, 1844 ; List 

 B. Brit. Mns. p. 34, 1844. — Pitcher. Kev. Zool. p. 214, 1850. — Gosse, B. Jam. p. 

 11, pi. il, 1847. — Cass. B. Cal. & Tex. Syn. p. 97, 1854; Proc. Ac. Sc. Pliilad. p. 

 279, 1855. — Game. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. N. S. I, p. 26. — Nittt. Man. Orn. 

 U. S. & Canad. p. 102, 1833. — De Kay, Zool. N. Y. II, p. 9, pi. viii, f. 17 (Juv.), 

 1844. — Peab. Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. Ill, p. 80, 1837. — Thomp. Hist. Verm. App. 

 p. 63, 1853. — Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp. p. 62, 1848. — Towns. Sit. Exp. Zuni & Color, 

 p. 59. — Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 261, 1845. — Stkickl. Orn. Syn. I, 29, 

 1855. —Max. Cab. Journ. VI, 1858, 17. — Blakist. Ibis, III, 1861, 318. — Wood, 

 Am. Nat. Ill, 1869, 393. — Gray, Hand List, I, 1869, 7. Astur boreaUs, Cuv. Reg. 

 An. (ed. 2), I, 332, 1829. — Swains. Class. B. I, 316; 11, 215, 1837. PKciloptcrnis 

 borealis, Kaup, Isis, Mon. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 76. Falco levcriamis, Gmel. 

 Syst. Nat. 266, 1789. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 181, 1790 ; Syn. Supp. I, 31, 1787 ; Gen. 

 Hist. I, 620, 1821. — Daud. Tr. Oin. II, 126, 1800. —Shaw, Zool. VII, 151, 1812.— 

 Wils. Am. Orn. pi. lii (Juv.), 1808. — Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 265. Bitteo leveriamcs, 

 ViG. Zool. Journ. I, 340. — Steph. Zool. XIII, pt. 2, p. 47, 1815. Falco aquilinus, 

 Bartr. Tran. p. 390, 1791. Accipiter ruficaudus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. xiv, bis. 

 1807 Butco fulvus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. p, 34 ; Nouv. Diet. Hist. IV, p. 468 

 (quot. F. jamaicensis), 1819. Buteo ferrzigineocaudus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. vi, 

 1807. — Cuv. Reg. An. (ed. 2), I, 337. Buteo americanus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Nat. 



IV, 477 (quot.), Ois. Am. Merid. pi. vi, Enc. Meth. Ill, 1224, 1823. 1 Butco galli- 

 nivorus, Vieill. Ois. Buteo borealis. Brewer, N. A. Oology, 1857. 



