324 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Haliaetus albicilla (Linn). 



GRAY SEA-EAGLE. 



Aquila albicilla, Briss. Orn. I, 427, 1760. — Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. I, 345, 1811. — Ben- 

 ICK. Isis, 1824, pp. 878, 892. — Swain.s. Classif. B. II, 207, 1837. — Kuhl. Beitrag. 

 Zool. pt. i, p. 76 (anat.), 1820. — Tyzenhauz, Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 235. — Bailly, 

 Orn. Sav. I," 110, 1853. — S. Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 53, 1842. Vultur albicilla, 

 Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 123, 1766. Falco albicilla, Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 61, pi. A, 1812; 

 ed. 8vo, 1812, I, 209, pi. xviii. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 253, 1789. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 

 I, 9, 1790 ; Syn. I, 33, 1781 ; Supp. I, 11, 1802 ; Gen. Hist. I, 46 A, 1821. — Odmann, 

 Nov. Act. Soc. Ups, IV, 225. — Shaw, Zool. VII, 79, 1812. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 

 1, 49 ; pt. iii, 26, 1820 ; Tab. Meth. p. 3, 1836. — Kittl. Kupf. Vog. pi. ii, f. 2, 1832. 



— Brunn. Orn. Bor. p. 3, 1764. — Faber, Prod. Lsland, Orn. p. 1, 1822. — Naum. Nat. 

 Vbg. Deutschl. ed. nov. I, 224, pis. xii, xiii, xiv, 1822 ; Naclitr. p. 330, pi. ix, f. 17. 



— Frisch, Vog. Deutschl. pi. Ixix, 70, 1739. Haliaetus albicilla, Cuv. Reg. Anim. 

 (ed. 1), I, 315, 1817 ; (ed. 2), I, 336, 1829. — Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. II, 33, 1831.— 

 Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur. 1826. — Less. Man. Orn. I, 85, 1828. — Vig. Raffl. Life, p. 648. 

 Selby, Brit. Orn. I, 18, pi. iii, iii% 1833. — Gould, B. Eur. pi. x, 1837. — Bonap. 

 Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 3, 1838 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 19, 1842 ; Consp. Av. p. 15, 1850 ; 

 Rev. et Mag. Zool. p. 531, 1854. — Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. I, p. Ill, 1854. — Gray, 

 Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2, p. 4 ; fol. sp. 1, pi. vii, fig. 8. — Brehm. Vog. Deutschl. I, 14, 

 pi. iii, f. 1, 1831. — Cass. Birds N. Am. 43, 1858.— Sclat. Pr. Z. S. 1863, 257 (found in 

 Newfoundland and Nova Scotia — this disproven !). — Elliot, Birds N. A. I. Haliaetus 

 albicilla, Gray, Hand List, I, 16, 1869. Aquila ossifraga, Briss. Orn. I, p. 437 (Juv.), 

 1760. — Kuhl, Beitrag. Zool. pt. i, p. 60, pi. iv, figs. 1, 3, 3 ; pi. v, f. 1. Falco ossi- 

 fragus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 124, 1766. —Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 255, 1789. — Lath. 

 Ind. Orn. p. 12, 1790 ; Syu. I, 30, 1781 ; Supp. I, 9, 1802 ; Gen. Hist. I, 48 {Juv.), 

 182L — Daud. Tr. Orn. U, 64, 1800. —Shaw, Zool. VIl, pi. xviii, 1809. — Raffl. 

 Linn. Tr. VIII, 277 (var.). Aquila lencoccphala, Meyer, Tascheub. Deutsch. Vogelk. 

 p. 16, 1810. Falco mclanotus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 254, 1789. Falco albicandus, 

 Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 258, 1789. Falco hinulnrius. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 15, 1790 ; Syn. 

 I, 39, sp. 16, 1781 ; Gen. Hist. I, 47 B, 1821. — Shaw, Zool. VII, 80, 1809. Falco 

 pygargus, Daud. Tr. Orn. II, 62, 1800. Falco albicilla borcalis, Faber, Isis, 1827, p. 

 56 ; Prod. Island, Orn. p. 1, 1822. Haliaetus nisus, Savig. Descr. Egyp. pt. i, 86, 

 1809. — ViEiLL. Faun. Fran?, p. 10, pi. v, figs. 1, 2. — Degl. Mem. Soc. Sc. Lille, 

 1831, p. 213. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 40, pi. viii, fig. 2, 1831. — Roux, Orn. Prod. I, 16, 

 pi. i.x, X, 1825. 



Sp. Char. Adult male (56,034, Europe ; Schliiter Collection). Plumage almost con- 

 tinuously umber-brown, becoming black on the primaries ; on the head and neck approach- 

 ing pale grayish-broAvn. Tail (but not the coverts) white, much mottled with dusky at 

 base ; shafts of the quills white. Wing-formula, 3-2 = 4-5-6, 1. Wing, 23.00 ; tail, 

 11.50; culmen, 2.20; depth of bill, 1.45; cere, above, .85; tarsus, 3.30 ; middle toe, 2.50; 

 outer, 2.00; inner, 1.70; posterior, 1.40. Bill and feet yellow. 



Young. Head and neck blackish-brown, feathers whitish beneath the surface, the long 

 pencillate feathers of the nape tipped inconspicuously with the same ; prevailing color of 

 the upper surface isabella-'color (much more reddish than in corresponding age of leuco- 

 cephalus) each feather with a terminal triangular spot of blackish-brown ; tertials more 

 whitish. Secondaries rich dark brown; primaries deep black, their shafts dark brown. 

 Tail brownish-black much spotted with isabella-color, or soiled creamy-white, this occu- 

 pying most of the inner webs. Breast soiled white, each feather with a conspicuous 

 broad medial stripe of brownish-black ; abdomen more fulvous ; tibiae nearly uniform dark 

 brown. Rump nearly uniform vinaceous-l'ulvous. Bill black. Feet yellow. 



