FALCONID^ — THE FALCONS. 327 



Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp. 71, 1848. — Peab. Birds Mass. 73, 1841. — Giuaud, Birds 

 Long Island, 9, 1844. — WoODH. Sit. Expl. Zun. & Colorad. 59, 1853. — Cassin, B. 

 Calif. & Tex. I, 111, 1854.— De Kay, Zool. N. Y. U, 5, pi. i, f. 1, 1844. — Heekm. 

 P. R. R. Kept. Vn, 30, 1857. — Newb. P. R. R. Rept. VI, 75, 1857. — Wern. Atl. 

 Ois. Eur. 1826. — Brehm, Vogel Deutschl. 17, 1831. — Cass. Birds N. Am. 1858, 

 43. — Coop. & Suck. P. R. R. Rept. XII, ii, 151, 1860. — Coues, Prod. B. Ariz. 13, 

 1866. Haliaetus leiccoce2}}ialus, Gray, Hand List, I, 16 (1869). Falco candidus, 

 Gmel. Syst. Nat. 258, 1789. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 14, 1790; Syn. 1, 36, 1781 ; Gen. 

 Hist. I, 240, 1821. —Daud. Tr. Orn. II, 51, 1800. — Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 

 30, 1807. Falco pygargus, Daud. Tr. Orn. II, 62, 1800. Falco ossifragus, Wils. Am. 

 Orn. pi. Iv, f. 2 (Juv.), 1808. Falco leucogaster, Lath. Gen. Hist. I, 242, 1821. 

 VuUur alhicilla, Faber, Faun. Groenl. 53, 1780. Falco wasUngtoni, AuD. Mag. 

 Nat. Hist. ser. 1, I, 1828, 115. — Ib. Orn. Biog. I, 58 ; Birds Am. pi. xi. — Brewer, 

 (Wils.) Am. Orn. 683. —James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. IV, 261. Haliaetus washingtoni, 

 Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. II, 92. — Bonar. List, 1838, 3. — Gray, Gen. fol. sp. 4. — 

 AuD. Synop. Birds Am. 10. — Cass. B. Cal. & Tex. 110. — Ib. Birds N. Am. 1858, 



42. Strickl. Orn. Syn. I, 51, No. 82. Falco washingtonianus, Nutt. Man. pi. 



Ixvii. Haliaetus Icucoceplialus, Brewer, Oology, 1851, 48, pi. iv, f. 37. 



Sp. Char. Adult. Entire head and neck, upper and lower tail-coverts, and tail, im- 

 maculate pure white. Rest of the plumage brownish-black, the feathers fading toward 

 the edges, these paler borders being most conspicuous on the upper surface. Primaries 

 uniform deep black. Bill, cere, superciliary shield, and feet, deep chrome-yellow ; iris 

 Naples-yellow. Male (12,017, Philadelphia; C. Drexler). Wing, 22.00; tail, 10..50; cul- 

 men, 1.90; top of cere, .80; depth of bill, 1.30; tarsus, 3.00; middle toe, 2.60; outer, 

 2.00; inner, 1.50; posterior, 1.30. Wing-formula, 3 = 4-5, 2-6; 1 = 7. Female 

 (11,986, Philadelphia; C. Drexler). Wing, 25.00; tail, 12.75; culmen, 2.20; top of cere, 

 .80; tarsus, 3.10; middle toe, 2.85. Wing-formula, 3 = 4,5-2-6-7-1, 8. Young. 

 Second year (?) (No. 58.977, Mount Carmel, Wabash County, lUinois, Dec. ; D. Ridgway). 

 Head and neck brownish-black, white beneath the surface, the penicillate ones of the nape 

 tipped with pale brown. Prevailing color of other portions blackish-l^rown, inclining to 

 umber on the dorsal region, wing-coverts, and lower parts ; all the feathers white at their 

 roots, this much exposed on the lower parts, where the brown forms tear-shaped terminal 

 spots ; axillars and lining of the wing white, each feather of the latter region with a 

 medial lanceolate stripe of blackish- brown. Primaries and tail brownish-black; inner 

 webs of secondaries and tail-feathers spattered longitudinally with creamy-white. Bill 

 and cere black; iris brown; feet yellow. Wing, 25.50; tail, 15.00; culmen, 2.10; tarsus, 

 3.10; middle toe, 2.60. 



Young, first year (No. 41,595, Eastern United States?). Whole plumage nearly uni- 

 formly black, this very continuous above ; beneath, the basal white is much exposed, pro- 

 ducing a somewhat spotted appearance. Primaries and tail deep black, the inner webs 

 of the latter sprinkled with cream-color. 



Young in down (Washmgion,!). C). Downy covering uniform deep sooty-gray; the 

 sprouting feathers on wings, etc., all brownish-black. 



Specimens from the Pacific Coast have the plumage rather deeper black ; but scarcely 

 any other differences are appreciable. Measurements of specimens are as follows : — 



''Male" (?) (45,838, Sitka; BischofiT). Wing, 24.50; tail, 12..50; culmen, 2.00. 



Female (45,835, " " )• " 25.00; " 12..50; " 2.20. 



Of these, the male is continuous deep black, the head, neck, tail, and tail-coverts pure 

 white in sharp contrast ; the female is less continuously black, — more so, however, than 

 in eastern specimens ; the white portions are as pure as in tlie male. 



An immature bird (9,130, Shoalwater Bay, W. T., Feb.; Dr. Cooper) is almost like the 

 Illinois specimen described, but is somewhat larger, measuring, wing, 26.00 ; tail, 15.00 ; 



