BETULACEAE. 21 
CARPINUS. Hornbeam. 
(Family Betulaceae). 
Rather round-topped and openly 
branched trees with sinewy-fluted 
trunks and smooth gray bark: 
deciduous. Twigs slender, zig-zag, 
terete: pith small, roundish or 5- 
sided, continuous, pale. Buds sol- 
itary or very rarely superposed, 
ovoid, sessile, oblique, with a 
dozen 4-ranked scarcely striated 
scales, or developing into cone- 
like catkin-initials, the end-bud 
lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, 2- 
ranked, raised, crescent-shaped, 
somewhat small: bundle-traces 3: 
stipule-scars subequal, elongated. 
Winter-character references:— 
C. Betulus. Bosemann, 70; Fant, 
16,/ £:+9; ‘Schneider, ’ f:) 10," £62: 
Ward, 1:118, f. 59, 178, f 88-89; 
Willkomm, 26, f. 29; Zuccarini, 3, 
«pl. 2.—C. caroliniana. Blakeslee & 
Jarvis, 332, 412, pl.; Brendel, pl. 2; Otis, 82. An early paper 
on abscission, in which Carpinus figures, is by Ohlert in the 
journal Linnaea for 1837. 
T 
Buds large (fully 10 mm. long), straw-colored. C. cordata. 
Buds moderate (6-8 mm.): European. C. Betulus. 
Buds small (scarcely 5 mm.). 2. 
. Buds straw-colored. C. japonica. 
Buds brownish. 3. 
. Buds glabrous. C. Turezaninowii. 
Buds somewhat silky. 4. 
. Twigs villous. C. duinensis. 
Twigs glabrescent. (Blue beech). (1). C. caroliniana. 
