. 116 ROSACEAE. 
stopped by the approach of winter so that their canes, as 
these long-shoots are called, may die back nearly or quite 
to the base. In this failure to-make advance provision for 
the winter they stand in marked contrast with such genera 
as Ailanthus and Tilia, where, early in the season, a starve- 
ling tip of each branch is cut off cleanly by a self-healed scar. 
The chief types of Rubus,—flowering raspberries, high- 
bush blackberries, dewberries, red raspberries and black-cap 
raspberries,—are easily known at any season of the year, but 
the individual species and their hybrids are much confused. 
1. Bark shredding: unarmed. i 
(Flowering raspberry). (1). R. odoratus. 
Bark not shredding: trailing or fountain-like. 2. 
2. Trailing. (Dewberries). 3. 
Forming open or recurving bushes. 4. 
3. Slender and very soft-wooded. R. hispidus. 
Stouter: strong and woody. R. procumbens. 
4. Stems characteristically rooting at tip, mostly 
very glaucous. « 5. 
At most exceptionally stoloniferous. 6. 
5. Prickles strongly hooked. (Blackcap). R. occidentalis. 
Prickles straighter: canes purple. 
(Purple cane). (2). XX R. neglectus. 
6. Shoots very glandular-hairy as well as prickly. 
(Wineberry). R. phoenicolasius. 
Searcely glandular-hairy. 7. me 
7. Nearly unarmed: dwarf. R. idaeus anomalus. 
‘Very prickly or else moderately tall. 8. 
8. Unarmed. — ; ‘R. canadensis. 
Prickly. 9. 
9. Prickles bristle-like, often represented by warts 
in winter. (Red raspberries). 10. 
Prickles stout and persistent. (3). R. allegheniensis. 
10. Shoots red, brown, orange or purple. (4). R. strigosus. 
Shoots straw-colored. European. R. idaeus. 
