AQUIFOLIACEAE. 191 
InEx. Holly. 
(Family Aquifoliaceae). 
Shrubs or trees: evergreen or 
deciduous. Twigs usually 3- or 
5-sided, rather slender, often de- 
veloped as spurs with densely 
crowded leaf-scars: pith small, 
roundish or angled, continuous. 
Buds small, commonly superposed, 
sessile, with 2 or mostly 4 or 6 
exposed scales. lLeaf-scars alter- 
nate, clustered above, crescent- 
shaped, more or less raised: bun- 
dle-trace 1: stipule-scars minute 
or the minute pointed stipules 
persistent at the angles of the 
leaf-scars. Leaves, when persist- 
ent, coriaceous and sometimes 
very pungently toothed. Fruit a 
berry-like drupe with several nut- 
lets. 
Winter-character references:— 
Ilex Aquifolium. Blakeslee & 
Jarvis, 530; Bosemann, 34; Fant, 48; Ward, 1:144, f. 66. JT. 
decidua. Hitchcock (1), 5. JI. geniculata. Shirasawa, 236, 
pl. 2. I. macropoda. Shirasawa, 265, pl. 9. J. opaca. Blakes- 
lee & Jarvis, 329, 530, pl. J. Sieboldii. Shirasawa, 235, pl. 2. 
I. verticillata. Brendel, pl. 3; Schneider, f. 116. 
The dots or cork-warts which characteristically mark the 
lower leaf-surface of certain species are figured in section by 
Solereder in his Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotylendons, 
e210, Ff. 50. 
As Sir John Lubbock points out in his studies of buds 
and stipules, Jlex possesses small stipules. Though they are 
often so minute as to escape attention unless very carefully 
