310 OLEACEAE. 
FRAxINvusS. Ash. 
(Family Oleaceae). 
Trees: deciduous. Twigs rather 
stout, stiff and divergent, often 
\) squarish or compressed at the 
nodes: pith often 6-sided or lemon- 
shaped. Buds-sessile, superposed 
with the lower somewhat covered 
by a narrow articular membrane, 
with 2 or 38 pairs of opposite 
scales, those of the end-bud often 
lobed. lLeaf-scars opposite, half- 
round to subelliptical or broadly 
U-shaped, low: bundle-traces in 
an elliptical or C-shaped aggre- 
gate: stipule-scars lacking. 
In a comparative study of re- 
serve food materials in buds and 
surrounding parts published in 
volume 2 of the Memoirs of the 
4 Torrey Botanical Club, Halsted 
gives the ash as one example illus- 
trating the accumulation of re- 
serve starch in winter near the terminal bud. Schaar, in vol- 
ume 99 of the Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna Academy, in- 
cludes Frazinus among genera which store food in their bud 
scales; and Goebel explains the color of the scales as due to 
the dried cell-contents of their scurf. 
One species, F’. Ornus, is spoken of sometimes as the 
manna ash because when wounded it exudes a sugary sub- 
stance called by this name. A tree “boxed”, somewhat as a 
pine is for turpentine, is pictured in Baillon’s Dictionnaire 
de Botanique, vol. 2, p. 648. 
Winter-character references to Fraxinus:—F. americana. 
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 343, 556, pl.; Brendel, pl. 1; Denniston, 
