GLOSSARY 373 
Keel. A ridge on the back of a leaf or bud-scale. 
Knees. Pointed or dome-like outgrowths from cypress roots, 
rising above the water. 
Lacunae. See Foliar-gaps. 
Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head, as applied to leaves. 
Lateral. Applied to all but the truly terminal bud. 
Leaf. The foliage appendages of the stem, though not al- 
ways serving as foliage: sometimes metamorphosed into 
a spine (barberry) or tendril (clematis) or reduced to a 
scale (tamarisk). Leaves originate at and mark the 
nodes or joints of the stem. Buds normally occur in the 
angles or axils above leaves and are correspondingly alter- 
nate, opposite or whorled on the stem. 
Leaf-axis. The same as rachis. 
Leaf-cushion. A raised base on which the leaf-scar sometimes 
appears. 
Leaf-scars. Scars from which leaves have fallen. They usu- 
ally occur characteristically either singly (alternate) or 
paired (opposite) or in groups of more than 2 (whorled) 
at each node. Leaf-scars differ greatly in size and shape, 
and offer some of the best winter-characters. The points 
where woody strands passed up into the leaf are usually 
evident, and are called bundle-traces. Typical leaf-scars 
are essentially at the level’ of the stem; but they are 
raised on a pronounced base or leaf-cushion in some cases, 
or the buds are covered by an articular membrane in 
others. 
Leaf-spine. A spine metamorphosed from a leaf. 
Leafiet. One of the divisions of a compound leaf. 
Legume. A pod: characteristic fruit of the pea family. 
Lenticels. Wart-like prominences breaking through the bark 
of most young twigs (elder, cherry). 
Lignified. Woody, in contrast with herbaceous. 
Linear. Long and narrow (leaves); nearly straight (leaf- 
scars). 
