GLOSSARY 381 
Standard. In horticulture, a small tree commonly produced 
by grafting a weeping or dwarf form on a trunk of the 
desired height. 
Star-shaped or stellate. With several arms radiating from a 
center (hairs of deutzia; pith of oak in cross section). 
Staring. Widely spreading, as applied to hairs, ete. 
Stellate-scurfy. Scurfy with star-shaped hairs or scales. 
Stem. The trunk and its branches: one of the three funda- 
mental parts of a higher plant,—root, stem and leaf. 
Sterigmata. The raised bases from which some small leaves 
fall (spruce). 
Stipular. Pertaining to or derived from stipules. 
Stipulate. Provided with stipules. 
Stipule-scars. Scars from which stipules have fallen; some- 
times forming a ring around the twig (magnolia), or 
very unequal (elm); usually small. 
Stipule-spines. Spines metamorphosed from stipules. 
Stipules. Smdll basal outgrowths of a leaf; sometimes sery- 
ing as bud scales (beech), or spines (locust); usually 
otherwise represented by scars, if at all, in winter. The 
relation of stipules to the nodal anatomy of plants is 
considered by Sinnott and Bailey in The American Jour- 
nal of Botany for November 1914. 
Stolon. A stem that arches over and roots at the tip (black- 
cap). 
Stoloniferous. Producing stolons. 
Stomata. The “breathing-pores” of a leaf. 
Stone. The hard inner part of a drupe or _ stonefruit 
(cherry). 
Stratified. In horizontal layers (foliage of red haw and 
tupelo). 
Striate. Striped, usually by alternating ridges and grooves. 
Sub-. Often used as a prefix in the sense of nearly:—sub- 
acute, subsessile, ete. 
