INTRODUCTION. XXXVil 
Syria and Hindostan; the Bactrian Camel typifies the 
huge Merycotherium of the Siberian drift ; the Elephant 
and Rhinoceros are still represented in Asia, though now 
confined to the south of the Himalayas. The true Ma- 
cacques are peculiar to Asia, and, though most abundant 
in the southern parts of the continent and the Indian 
Archipelago, also exist in Japan ; a closely allied subgenus 
(Jnuus,) is naturalised on the rock of Gibraltar at the 
present day. A fossil species of Macacus was associated 
with the Elephant and Rhinoceros in England during the 
period of the deposition of the newer pliocene fresh-water 
beds.* The more extraordinary extinct forms of Mam- 
malia called Hlasmotherium and Sivatheriwm, have their 
nearest existing pachydermal and ruminant analogues in 
the same continent to which those fossils are peculiar. 
Cuvier places the Elasmothere between the Horse and 
Rhinoceros: the existing four-horned Antelopes, like their 
gigantic extinct analogues, the Sivathere and Bramathere, 
are peculiar to India. 
The Mediterranean and Red Seas constitute a less 
artificial boundary between Africa and the Europzo- 
Asiatic continent, than that which, on our maps, divides 
Europe from Asia; yet those narrow seas form a slight 
demarcation as compared with the vast oceans which 
divide the old from the new worlds of the geographer, 
or these from the Australian continents. The continuity 
of Africa with Asia is still, indeed, preserved by a narrow 
isthmus, near to which, within the historical period, the 
Hippopotamus descended, venturing down the Nile almost 
to its mouth. May it not be regarded, then, as part of the 
same general concordance of geographical distribution, that 
* See ‘Comptes Rendus de Academie des Sciences,’ Paris, Sept. 1645, p. 
573, and fig. 1, 2, 3, p. xliv. 
