260 PROBOSCIDIA. 
The evidences of an enormous crushing and breaking 
power are very remarkably exemplified in some of the 
Mammalian fossils from the ‘ till,” or drift, at Walton in 
Essex. Mr. Brown, of Stanway, possesses molars of the 
Mammoth from this locality which have been split ver- 
tically and lengthwise, across all the component plates of 
dentine and enamel; other molars have been so crushed 
and squeezed that the enamel-plates are shivered in pieces, 
which are driven into the conglomerate of the different 
substances, and the fragments of enamel stick out like the 
bits of glass from the plaster which caps a garden wall. 
The ramus of a lower jaw of a Rhinoceros from the drift 
near the sea-coast of Essex, has been split vertically and 
lengthwise through all the molars. 
A similar condition of some of the Mammalian fossil 
remains, including parts of the Mammoth, discovered by 
Mr. Stutchbury in a cavernous fissure at Durdham Down 
near Bristol, has been explained on the hypothesis of con- 
siderable relative movement having taken place in the walls 
of the fissure of the cavern since the deposit of the organic 
remains ; and Mr. Stutchbury adduces, in confirmation of 
this view, the fact, that a calcareous spar-vem in the 
vicinity bears undoubted evidence of having been moved 
and reconstructed. 
Other forces than the concussion of rocks by earthquakes 
seem, however, to have operated in producing the fractures 
of the teeth and bones in the beds of Essex gravel or drift 
above adverted to; and I cannot suggest any more pro- 
bable dynamic than the action of masses of ice, on the 
supposition of such being chiefly concerned in the deposi- 
tion and dispersion of the superficial drift itself. 
It is remarkable that the bones and teeth of the Ele- 
phant are very rarely rolled or water-worn ; the fractured 
