ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS. 269 
progress by a condition to which the Rein-deer and Musk 
Ox are not subject, viz., the limits of arboreal vegetation, 
which, however, as represented by the dominating shrubs 
of Polar lands, would allow them to reach the seventieth 
degree of latitude.* But with this limitation, if the phy- 
siological inferences regarding the food of the Mammoth 
from the structure of its teeth be adequately appreciated 
and connected with those which may be legitimately de- 
duced from the ascertained nature of its integument, the 
necessity of recurring to the forces of mighty rivers, hurry- 
ing along a carcass through a devious course, extending 
through an entire degree of latitude, in order to account for 
its ultimate entombment in ice, whilst so little decomposed 
as to have retained the cuticle and hair, will disappear. 
And it can no longer be regarded as impossible for herds 
of Mammoths to have obtained subsistence in a country 
like the southern part of Siberia where trees abound, not- 
withstanding it is covered during a great part of the year 
with snow, seeimg that the leafless state of such trees 
during even a long and severe Siberian winter, would not 
necessarily unfit their branches for yielding sustenance to 
the well-clothed Mammoth. 
With regard to the extension of the geographical range 
of the Hlephas primigenius mto temperate latitudes the dis- 
tribution of its fossil remains teaches that it reached the 
fortieth degree north of the equator. History, in like 
manner, records that the Rein-deer had formerly a more 
extensive distribution in the temperate latitudes of Europe 
than it now enjoys. The hairy covering of the Mammoth 
* In the extreme points of Lapland, in 70° north latitude, the pines attain 
the height of sixty feet; and at Enontekessi, in Lapland in 68° 80’ north lati- 
tude, Von Buck found corn, orchards, and a rich vegetation, at an elevation of 
1356 feet above the sea. Lindley, Intr. to Botany, pp. 485, 490. 
