CERVUS ELAPHUS. 473 
Cervus of the size of the Red-deer, is the red-crag at 
Newbourne. More conclusive evidence of the specific 
character of this sized Deer is afforded by antlers as 
well as teeth and bones, and these attest the existence of 
the Cervus Hlaphus through intermediate formations, as 
the newer freshwater pliocene, and the mammoth silt of 
ossiferous caves, up to the growth of existing turbaries and 
peat-bogs. I found remains of this round-antlered Deer 
in all the collections of Mammalian fossils from the fluvio- 
marine crag, and more recent freshwater and lignite beds in 
Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex. Similar remains have been 
obtained from the lacustrine deposits in Yorkshire; the head 
with antlers two feet ten imches in length, figured by 
Knowlton in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1746, 
pl. i. fig. 2, was dug out of a bed of sand in the river 
Rye, in the East Riding of that county.* Hopkins trans- 
mitted the sketch of an antler of a large Red-deer to the 
Royal Society, which is figured in vol. xxxvu. No. 422, of 
the ‘ Philosophical Transactions.’ The terminal branches 
of the crown are broken off, yet the length of the antler is 
thirty inches; the circumference of the base ten inches, 
and the length of the brow-antler sixteen inches and three 
quarters. ‘This was drawn out of Ravensbarrow Hole ad- 
joming Holker Old Park, Lancashire, by the net of a 
fisherman, in 1727. ‘The tide flows constantly where it 
is found, and the land is very high near it."—Ib. p. 257. 
The antlers attached to the head of the Stag found beneath 
a peat-moss in the same county, and figured by Leigh in 
his ‘ Natural History of Lancashire, attest an animal of 
equal size, each antler measuring forty inches in length. 
Mr. Gale records the discovery of antlers of a Red-deer, 
with a brow-antler nine inches long, found by the workmen 
* See also Young and Bird, ‘ Geology of Yorkshire,’ 4to. pl. 17. 
