[. 60° ] 
ragement to fraud and to idlenefs ;—to frand, becaufe mono- 
polifis receive more for their commodities than their intrinfic 
value ;—to idlenefs, becaufe the obvious policy of keeping the 
market for thofe commodities underftocked prevents them from 
fupplying it as well as they can, from working as much as 
they are able. 
Tue exclufive privileges of corporations and the regulations 
of apprenticefhip are the gates of monopoly which fhut out 
natural competition, reftrain induftry and genius, and in. the 
end fall as a dead weight on the body of the publick. 
As to the exclufive privileges of corporations which obftruct 
the circulation of labour from one place to another even 
in the fame employment, workmen, I know, will be ready to 
urge that the price of their labour ought to be protected by 
monopolies. But this is a falfe, as well as an illiberal argu- 
ment; for the demand for workmen always increafes with the 
thriving of manufactures and the extenfion of commerce; and 
with the increafe of demand for workmen will the price of 
their, labour be neceffarily increafed. Hence it is that the 
wages of workmen are always higher in capitals than in the 
country. 
As to the regulations of apprenticefhip which obftrué the 
circulation of labour from one employment to another even 
in the fame place, it is difficult to fay what can be alleged 
in its favour. ‘The common cry is that apprenticefhips are 
neceflary 
