—— 110 — 
(BLANCHARD stated that WEIN- 
LAND’S name was published on August 5th 
1858; the one of DIESING, proposed in a 
session of the Academy of Science in Vienna, 
was published Oct. 21t and COBBOLD’S 
name Jan. 20th, 1859; therefore he concluded 
that WEINLAND’S name ought to be ac- 
cepted. (LAVERAN & BLANCHARD. Les 
Hématozoaires II, p. 40). This name, forme- 
ly little known, is generally used in the later 
litterature). 
Already the first observations in Egypt 
showed that the lesions might be localized 
in the urinary system or in the intestine or 
in both, while the eggs found in them had 
either a terminal or a lateral spine. As both 
processes were very common, they were 
often combined in one patient who then 
furnished both species of eggs. Therefore the 
general opinion went on attributing both pro- 
cesses to the same parasite (although the 
idea of a double origin was very soon sug- 
gested). This was due mainly to some ob- 
servations, always brought forward in the 
discussions and apparently convincing. Today, 
however, it is evident that, either in the ob- 
servation or in the interpretation, there occur- 
red some error, not atall unlikely to happen. 
This unfortunate accident proved an enor- 
mous drawback for the right understanding, 
of these infections. 
The first observation of a focus where 
only eggs with terminal spines ccurred, was 
made by HARLEY in the South of Africa. 
He thought the parasite was altogether dif- 
ferent and gave it the name: Distoma ca- 
pense (which, in my opinion, ought to be 
still used for that form). In 1912 BOUR 
found in Mauritius 34 boys voiding Sch. eggs 
with their urine. He did not mention the po- 
sition of the spine, nor eggs in the stools. 
Many observers found both forms of eggs in 
Tunis. In the Soudan. in the lake territory 
and generally in hot regions with plenty of, 
more or less, stagnant water, the disease of 
the urinary system is common. It is also 
found inthe islands of Madagascar, Nossi-Bé 
and Réunion. The intestinal form is often 
found together with the other and aparently 
alone in the Belgian Congo. 
Schistosomatosis in other continents. 
Schistosomatosis localised in the urinary 
system has been found in many endemic 
foci of Asia. As for America, itis quite certain 
that there never has been an endemic 
focus of this form; a few cases reported 
were apparently only seen in people, who 
had arrived or returned with an infection con- 
tracted in other continents. 
It is remarkable that in tropical America 
which imported so many slaves, the disease 
of the bladder never took root, while it be- 
comes every day more evident that the intes- 
tinal form is widely spread in the West In- 
dian Islands and on the South American 
continent. It is certain that both forms have 
been imported over and over again but only 
one spread. This is now easily understood, 
as we know that the possibility oi localisa- 
tion depends of the kinds of fresh-water 
shells found in the place. 
Schistosomum haematobium BILHARZ 
includes two species. 
The idea that two different species were 
united under the name Sch. haematobium 
was again sustained in 1893 on the base of 
observations made in America. The fact that 
in 1876 SONSINO had found a second species 
(Sch. crassum) in cattle and still more the 
discovery of the Sch. japonicnm in 1903 hel- 
ped to sustain this supposition. Iu 1907 SAM- 
BON introduced the name Sch. Mansoni for 
the American species; it was generally ac- 
cepted, though this form ought to have kept 
the name haematobium, the other having been 
distinguished nnder the name capense HAR- 
LEY? 
The double value of the species was de- 
nied by several authors and principally by 
LOOSS who tried to explain the differences 
of the eggs by quite unconvincing arguments. 
It is strange that this author, who so violen- 
tly sustained the unity, should at other times 
have separated new species and even gene- 
