ra with no better arguments, However, nowa- 
days this discussion has lost all importance, 
as the double nature of the ancient Sch. hae- 
matobium is generally recognized. 
There are now six more species known, 
all of which have different eggs, ofone form 
only). 
Some authors claim to have found eggs 
of both forms in the intestine and in the uri- 
nary organs. Excluding evident mistakes, these 
observations are altogether rare and mostly 
old; they refer to double infections of long 
standing and several explanations have been 
given for the abnormal localisation in these 
cases. In America a great number of obser- 
vers failed to find a single egg with terminal 
spine amongst thousands with lateral ones; 
it must however be remembered that a la- 
teral spine in certain positions may appear 
terminal, unless the egg be rolled. As seen in 
figs. 10 and 11, they may have an obtuse pro- 
longation situated at the more distant pole 
and very different from a spine. The locali- 
sation in the urinary systeme causes different 
and very striking symptoms, while those of 
the intestinal form may easily pass unnoted. 
Already WUCHERER searched for Schisto- 
somum eggs in cases of haematuria, obser- 
ved in Bahia, and failed to find them, though 
in the same place the other form occurs fre- 
quently. In a great number of urine examina- 
tions which I made during the space of 38 
years, I failed to find a single egg of Schis- 
tosomum though their form was well-known to 
me, a fact which, combined with the experi- 
ence of many of my colleagues, is sufficient 
to exclude the existence of this fluke in the 
more known parts of Brazil. On the other 
hand I examined the stools of about twenty 
patients of schistosomatosis ot the intestine, 
acquired in the north, in some cases very 
often, without finding one egg with terminal 
spike. My observations are confirmed by 
those of Dr. OSWINO ALVARES PENNA, 
who also observed some of these cases and 
many others, and agree with the results ob- 
tained in the West Indian Islands, in Dutch 
Guiana and in Venezuela. 
111 
In another place, I shall explain the cha- 
racteristics which distinguish the two species. 
This paper is limited to Sch. Mansoni SAM- 
BON, which is the only one found in Brazil, 
and, indeed, in the whole of America, with 
the exception of imported cases. In the latter 
sometimes Schistosomum has been found lo- 
cated in the urinary system; this generally 
happens in those of African origin. With the 
increasing emigration of Asiatics, there may 
appear cases of Asiatic origin, due to Sch. 
haematobium or even japonicum. The trans- 
mitter is different from all our indigenous 
mollusks, so that the importation of the Ja- 
ponese parasite need not be feared. 
O Schistosomum Mansoni na America. 
Since the year 1902, cases of Sch. Man- 
Soni have been observed in America or in 
persons there infected. The first centres 
observed or pointed out by the patients were 
in the West Indian Islands. Here we may 
quote the cases of MANSON (1903, infection 
in Antigua or in one of the other West In- 
dian Islands), of LETULLE (1903 in case of 
Martinique), MACDONNELL (1905, case of 
Culebra), LAHILLE (1906, ibid.). In Porto 
Rico which is an important centre, GONZA- 
LEZ-MARTINEZ observed and published the 
first cases in 1904. Later on, ASHFORD, 
KING and GUTIERREZ IGARAVIDEZ 
often found eggs, while they were studying 
endemic ankylostomiasis. The studies of these 
authors, as well as later work, prove that 
Martinique, Guadeloupe, Vicques, Culebra, 
Portorico and Cuba must be counted amongst 
the principal centres (v. HOLCOMB, 1907). 
In medical literature, we find unexplai- 
ned cases of urinary schistosomatosis with 
the eggs belonging to it, observed by COR- 
TEZ in 1905 in a native of Guatan, Guate- 
mala. Dr. BUTLER is also quoted as having 
observed a patient from Porto Rico in San - 
Juan, who evacuated two eggs with terminal 
spine in his urine, without knowing where 
he contracted the disease. As a great number 
of patients have been examined in Porto 
Rico by competent physicians there is little 
