356 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE: MUSEUM. 
Gall-bladder. A membraneous sac for temporary retention of the bile at lower 
edge of the liver. 
Ganglion. A nerve center. 
Gape. Opening of mouth. 
Gastrocnemius. Muscle in the calf of the leg. 
Gental plates. Usually two pairs, anterior and posterior, between mandibular 
labials, in serpents, 
Gills. Organs for breathing air in water. Branchiz. 
Glabrous, Smooth. 
Glenoid cavity. Surface for articulation of fore-limb on shoulder-girdle. 
Glomerulus. A bunch of looped capillaries formed by the breaking up of 
each minute afferent artery from the renal arteries. 
Glossohyal. ‘Tongue-bone. 
Glossopharyngeal nerves. Ninth pair of cranial nerves, supplying the 
pharynx. 
Glottis. Narrow slit-like communication between the mouth and the lungs. 
Gonads. Reproductive organs. 
Graduated. Progressing or decreasing in length, usually with reference to 
spines or rays in series. 
Granulate. Finely roughened. 
Gular. Relating to upper foreneck. 
Gular shields. Usually the first pair of shields on the plastron of turtles. 
Gullet. Csophagus, or the alimentary canal between the pharynx and the 
stomach. 
Hemal arch. Bony arch formed from lower part of the centrum. 
Hallux. ‘The large toe. 
Height. Vertical diameter. 
Hepatic portal vein. Vein carrying blood from the stomach, intestine, spleen 
and pancreas to the abdominal vein. 
Humeral shields. The second pair of shields on the plastron of turtles, or 
those just before the bridge. 
Humerus. The proximal bone of the fore limb. 
Hyoid. Relating to the tongue. 
Hyoid apparatus. Series of bones inside lower jaw supporting the tongue. 
Hyomandibular. A bone by which the posterior end of the suspensorium 
articulates with the skull; the supporting element of the suspensorium, 
mandible, hyoid and opercular bones. 
Hyoplastra. First pair of large median bones of plastron, forming front of 
the bridge, in turtles. 
Hypercoracoid. Upper of two bones attached to the clavicle. 
Hypocoracoid. Tower of two bones attached to clavicle behind. 
Hypoglossal nerves. ‘Twelfth pair of cranial nerves, supplying muscles of the 
tongue and certain neck muscles. 
Hypophysis. Pituitary body. 
Hypoplastra. Second pair of large median bones of plastron, forming hind 
part of bridge. 
