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227- Etivif is a painful feeling of the superiority of another, 

 either in talents, rank or condition, attended with the malig- 

 nant endeavour to depreciate his merit, or deprive him of his 

 envied advantages. 



228. Aversion or dislike is opposite to desire. It implies 

 pleasure at the absence, and pain, uneasiness or disgust 

 at the presence of its object. It is capable of many degrees, 

 and relates either to persons or to things ; its highest degree 

 is horror. 



229. Hatred is opposite to love, and, as relative to per- 

 sons, consists in aversion combined with a malignant plea- 

 sure at any evil that may befall the person hated, and a 

 wish that it may happen. In this it differs from malice, which 

 denotes a deliberate design of inflicting evil on its object, 

 and if inveterate and implacable, is termed rancour. — Its de- 

 grees are detestation, abhorrence and execration. 



230 But it also may have for its object certain vices, 

 states or conditions ; thus we may hate injustice, detest ty- 

 ranny, abhor slavery, execrate cruelty, &c. 



231. I shall now explain what I mean by simple and 

 complex pleasures and pains. Simple pleasures are those 

 that arise from a simple source, as those of parental 

 love, and of filial love. Complex pleasures are those which 

 arise from different sources, which harmonize and coincide 

 with each other, and thus render the compound pleasure. 



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