of the Letters of the Hieroglyphic Alphabet. 145 
Astaruta. According to my principle it is ASTART as before. The name, 
as given by Greek authors, is with the termination Acraprn, and in composi- 
tion acrapT. 
In figs. 23, 26, and 27, we have three different ways of expressing the name 
of the country south of Egypt, which is called in Scripture w 5, Kush. The 
first occurs Pl. 97, 1. 5, and has no expletives. In the other forms, which, as 
well as this, are given by Champollion, and which are all used in ancient inscrip- 
tions, either the first or the second letter is attended by its expletive. The read- 
ing of the three forms would be, according to the received system, KeSH, 
KASH, and KeSHI; according to mine, the two last are equivalent to the 
first ; and, supplying the vowel from the Hebrew, I would represent them all 
alike by KuSH. 
I will give one more instance of a foreign word; which evidently contains 
expletive characters. It is the name of a Syrian district, a town and its sur- 
rounding lands, for the determinative sign by no means implies an extensive 
country (fig. 28). It occurs Pl. 56, 1. 4; and, according te the received mode 
of reading, it would be Ka-ru-ta-an-bu. This is as unlike as we can well con- 
ceive to a Syrian name; but if we only drop the expletives, we at once get 
ady"n7p, Kereth-’énev, “the city of grapes,” according to the Masoretic point- 
ing. The first element of the name occurs in Carthago, Cirta, and many other 
words, in none of which is there any trace of a long O or U between the R and 
the T or TH. We may, then, be quite satisfied that Karuta could not have 
been intended to represent its pronunciation. 
I have now produced a few instances of the use of expletives in foreign 
words, principally proper names, out of a great number which I have collected. 
In the third part of this paper I will cite others, with a view to determine the 
proper expletives and powers of the several characters which compose the alpha- 
bet. My present object has been simply to establish the general principle. With 
this view I have selected examples calculated to shew ;— 
First, that if all the letters in certain words, as they are found in the papyri, 
and in some of the historical sculptures, were sounded, they would be irrecon- 
cileable with Hebrew transcriptions of them that we possess, and, in some 
instances, with ancient Greek ones. See figs. 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24, 26, 27. 
Secondly, that, on the same supposition, they would be irreconcileable with 
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