of the Letters of the Hieroglyphic Alphabet. 169 
to the Theban pronunciation, Pra’a, the apostrophe indicating the peculiar 
compression which the Hebrews represented by y, and, as would appear from 
this transcription, the Egyptians by the arm. In Lower Egypt the P pro- 
bably became F, and the A passed into U, as in many other words; giving 
us Fra’u corresponding to the Papaw of the LXX. That this is the true 
etymology of this name, notwithstanding all that has been said to the con- 
trary, will appear from the name given to the King of Egypt, as such, in the 
Sallier papyrus, No. IV. (Pl. 165, 1. 6, et a/.), which I have copied in fig. 92. 
It consists of the letters which we have just seen corresponding to the Hebrew 
yn, preceded and followed by the swn’s disk, and enclosed in a royal cartouche ; 
after which are placed three characters, which, when combined, constitute a deter- 
minative sign which follows all names and titles of Egyptian kings. The first is 
the syllabic sign of the word Ankh, “life,” or “living ;” and the others are the 
initial letters of words signifymg ‘strength’ and “health.” They are alpha- 
betic characters, not syllabic signs; though, in this particular case, they have the 
appearance of the latter. The characters, then, signify “living in strength and 
health ;” but it would be improper to translate them, they being used as a mere 
determinative sign. Now, the name within the cartouche is used in this MS., 
which is a Memphitic one, precisely as Pharaoh is used in the Bible; and it 
cannot be reasonably doubted that it is the same word. In Theban MSS. this 
word is not found; it is there replaced by other signs, as in fig. 93, meaning 
> used for “the king.” In hieroglyphies, 
‘the palace,” or “‘the great house ;’ 
this title is sometimes found within a royal cartouche, as in fig. 94; but this is, 
I believe, first met with in the seventh age. There are persons who will con- 
sider it a sufficient reply to all this, that opo is the Coptic word for “a king ; 
and that, consequently, tiowvpo must be the origin of the Hebrew mys, although 
it is admitted that no instance can be produced in which a word corresponding 
” 
to this appears in hieroglyphics. With such inquirers I can have no feelings in 
common. 
2. The latter part of the name given to Joseph is my). It is highly pro- 
bable, if not quite certain, that this signifies “life,” the whole name meaning 
“the preserver of life.” The 5 represents the Egyptian masculine article, and 
the other three letters correspond to those in fig. 10. 
VOL. XXI. % 
