184 Rev. Epwarp Hincxs on the Number, Names, and Powers 
Thus, e. g., if an Egyptian phonoglyph be found to correspond to P at the 
beginning of Latin words, and if a corresponding word be observed in the old 
German, which begins with F or V, but which has no equivalent in Latin, we 
are entitled to transfer this word to the Latin list of words beginning with P: 
on the contrary, a Gothic or old German word beginning with P itself would 
not be entitled to rank with Latin words beginning with P. 
Such is the general principle on which the use of Indo-Germanic equiva- 
lents, as aids to determine the powers of Egyptian phonoglyphs, is grounded. 
The applications of it will not be numerous, yet it will be applied; and I have, 
therefore, thought it right to lay it down here among the other principles which 
are available to our present purpose. I now proceed to apply these principles to 
the determination of the Egyptian alphabet, as it existed at Thebes in the age of 
the papyri. 
PART IUILA—POWERS OF THE EGYPTIAN PHONOGLYPHS. 
The order in which I intend to consider the characters is this: I take as my 
groundwork the alphabet of Chevalier Bunsen, which contains thirty-two letters. 
I have already said that I consider the values which he assigned to twenty-one of 
these to be certain. I will first consider these, but very briefly, stating the ear- 
liest use of each character that I have observed, and mentioning its proper exple- 
tive: I will then proceed to the other eleven characters in the Chevalier’s 
alphabet, which require to be considered with more attention, as their true values 
admit of dispute : and lastly, I will mention the alphabetic characters in use in 
the period I have chosen for the standard, which do not appear in his alphabet at 
all, or which are improperly placed among the syllabic characters, or the letters 
of late introduction. 
1. A pair of leaves (I. 1; i. 1) with the qual for its expletive, as in figs. 
14, 19, was used in the first age (L. 8, C. D.) Its value is determined to be 
I or Y, by transcriptions II. 4 and 7, and, as secondary evidence, figs. 20, 61. 
2. A pair of oblique lines (I. 2; i. 2) had the same value as the preceding, 
with which it is occasionally interchanged, and the same expletive. Its original 
use seems to have been as an ideograph for “ two,” or ‘‘ twice,” implying some- 
times that the letter or syllable preceding it should be read twice. The corres- 
