of the Letters of the Hieroglyphic Alphabet. 187 
11. An wnder-crown, the lower part of the yxevt (N. 3), is habitually imter- 
changed with the waved line in the hieroglyphic texts of the age of the papyri. 
It had the eagle for its expletive. I have never seen it in any text older than 
the fourth age; but Chevalier Bunsen says “in the twelfth dynasty only as a pre- 
position (Mag. Louvre).” The corresponding hierograph was only used ideo- 
graphically. 
12. A mouth (R. 1; r. 1), used on the tomb of Teta in the first age, appears 
to have had the power of Rin I. 1, 3; II. 2, 3, 6, 8,9; IIL 2, 6, 7; IV. 1, 2, 
3, 4, 8, 115 while it had that of L in II. 1, 5; IIL 3; IV. 12. These sounds 
seem not to have been distinguished at Thebes in the age of the papyri. Its 
most usual expletive was the vertical line, indicating that it should be pronounced 
as the word signifying “ mouth,” in Coptic, po, This is sometimes, I think, 
replaced by the deaf, as in the syllable TRa (fig. 77), which occurs frequently, 
and has commonly, in the MSS., a palm branch after it as a determinative of 
sound. I have already referred to this syllable in the first part. That it was pro- 
nounced ‘TeR, the leaf at the end being omitted, appears from two considera- 
tions, in addition to what have been already adduced. The name of sucha branch 
was, in Coptic, Tap; and the Greek transcription of a word in which this 
syllable is known to be final occurs in Mr. Gray’s antigraph in the British 
Museum, ApovpacovOnp. There is a character like i. 2 frequently written 
over the hierographic form of this letter, when attended by its expletive (see fig. 
11), but it is merely used to fill the void space. 
13. A lion (R. 2; r. 2) is used in several words on monuments of this age, which 
in earlier times were written with the mowth ; frequently both characters occur, 
but when they do, but one should be sounded. The use of the double letter 
appears to be to mark that the word was terminated, and, if it had more than 
one syllable, that the last was accented. Words very often terminate with N. 1, 
followed by N. 2, frequently attended by its expletive, as UteNNu (fig. 134), 
to be pronounced without the last expletive. Champollion thought that this was 
peculiar to words ending in N, and that it marked it as to have a nasal sound. 
But we meet with the same in the case of other letters, as SaXX (fig. 135), 
from E. I. 86, 9, one of the earliest steles of the twelfth dynasty ; aMM, already 
mentioned under No. 8; and MasxeRRov, Pap. Pl. 15, 1. 7 (fig. 136). That 
the two Rs in this word are equivalent to but one letter, and that an R, not an 
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