218 Rev. Epwarp Hincxs on the Number, Names, and Powers 
any other language ; but they are all clearly connected together, and in all of 
them the character may be considered ideographic. It is also used, followed by 
the semicircle, T 2, and often by one or two determinative signs, to express, as 
I conceive, ‘work.’ Champollion supposed this to be the Coptic KwT, to 
build; but the word is applied to works generally, as in the inscription on the 
funeral images, that, for instance, of King Seti I., “to do all the work which is 
to be done in Hades,” including ploughing, reaping, and other works, but not 
building ; it seems elsewhere specially applied to ploughing. Now the root kri 
or ker, in the sense of working, occurs in many of the Indo- Germanic languages, 
and in the Sahidic @pe signifies “to plough or dig:” cf. 442, 772. In the north 
of Ireland it is common to use the word “labour” in this sense, “he laboured a 
field,’ meaning he ploughed it. This may have been the case in Egypt also. 
I believe, then, that the word before us should be read Aref or kert, taking the 
initial character as syllabic, equivalent to KR, and the semicircle for the forma- 
tive of the gerund or verbal noun, as it is in a great number of other instances. 
In this sense, in which the character is a syllabic sign, and no longer a pure ideo- 
graph, it is found in Sharpe, 82, 5, a monument of the third period. Again, it 
is used often with one or more determinatives, to express ‘‘a bull,” “ a husband,” 
or “a hero,” all ideographically connected with each other, though not with any 
of the preceding significations. In the latter sense it occurs in the titles of Ra- 
meses the Great; ‘the Horus, the victorious (bull or) hero,” which in Her- 
mapion’s translation is rendered ’AvroAA@v Kparepos. This may be compared with 
the Coptic xop, “brave, strong,” and xpo or 6 po, “ to conquer, to be of good 
courage,’ Deut. xxxi. 6, where the LXX. have avdpicov. ‘This corroborates the 
inference already drawn, that the character was a syllabic sign for KR before it 
was a letter, and that the vertical bar implies R, not A. If so, the eagle, when 
it follows this character, ought always to be sounded. I will only add that this 
character, with the vertical bar, is followed in the sculptures of Shishonk, at Kar- 
nae, by the phallus, as determinative sign of a bull. The three characters I take 
to be no more than a single K, though they might be kur or ker; but I have not 
identified to my satisfaction any name in which they are found. 
40. A tuft of water-plants (H3 ; h3) is clearly used either for H, or as a 
syllabic sign for HA. In the scupltures at Medinet Habu, “ straw” is expressed 
by T 4, H 3, and Al. The Coptic is Tog, and after what has been said on 
