and on the Babylonian Lapidary Characters. 235 
karam, with the primary 7 before w in the first word. The Major places a stop 
before these words, and translates them “the state of Babylonia.” I read the 
first word Babirau, taking it as the locative, and translating it with the preceding 
clause, ‘he rose up at Babylon.” The Sanscrit locative, in the corresponding 
declension, ends with the vriddhi diphthong au. In like manner, II. 15, he takes 
Madiya, as he reads it, for an epithet of the following noun, kérahyd ; but it is the 
locative, and should be read Mddé, “he rose up in Media; he said thus to the 
people.” In IL. 77 he reads awiya Hagamatdniya, and translates the two words 
in his interlineary version “‘ad Ecbatanam;” but the primary w cannot precede 
7; We must interpose an a, and thus I read awé Hagamatdné, the locative 
again, and translate “in that Ecbatana,”’ making the first word a case of the 
demonstrative pronoun, awa, instead of a preposition. 
6th. The interchange of the primary and secondary letters when, in the 
course of inflexion, the vowels which follow them are changed, appears to me 
inconsistent with the supposition that they had different values. The most 
remarkable instance of this interchange which occurs is in the words signifying 
‘a liar,” and “‘he (or they) lied.” ‘These are, according to the Major’s mode 
of reading, darwjhana and adhur‘ujiya, or jiyasha. Here are two words evi- 
dently from the same root, and yet they have not a single consonant in common ! 
The former is, according to my system, written with three primary consonants, 
and the latter with three secondary ones, having the same powers, and thus I 
make the radical parts of the words only to differ in respect to their vowels. I 
read them dréjana, adurwji, and adurujisha. These last words correspond in 
form to the Sanscrit asvanit and asvanishan, from the root svan, sono. By 
analogy the root should be durwj ; but it seems to have been the custom in the 
old Persian language, when a verb began with two consonants followed by a 
vowel, to insert that vowel between the consonants in certain of its tenses. The 
real root would then be dri, forming dréjdmi in the present, after the analogy 
of the first Sanscrit conjugation. Hence we have dréjana with all the conso- 
nants primary ones; while in the aorist, adwrujisham, the dropping of the guna, 
the repetition of the w which follows the liquid before it, and the @ of the tense 
ending, require secondary letters to be substituted for the primary ones, there 
being such in this instance in all the three cases. 
7th. The manner of forming the derivatives of roots ending in w furnishes a 
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