a 
122 HYALINIA FULVA. 
In West Gloucester, Mr. Kennard reports it from the pre-Roman deposit 
of Westbury-on-Nevern. 
In Notts., 1t has been found by Gain and Musson in a black alluvium at 
Scar thingmoor, and also in a similar deposit at Grassthorpe, Hgmanton. 
In Yorkshire, it has been found im an old lake deposit at Askern, near 
Doncaster, by Dr. Corbett. 
In Scotland, it has been found in Fifeshire by Mr. 'I’. Scott, somewhat 
rarely in the freshwater marl at Kirkland Leven, and more commonly in 
the early lacustrine bed by Khe Railway Station. 
In Treland, it is quoted by Mr. Kennard from a shell-marl of uncertain 
age at Birr, King’s co.; on a buried land surface of Neolithic age at 
Rosapenna in co. Donegal; and by Mr. R. Standen in the fossiliferous 
earthy layer, about a foot below the surface, at Dog’s Bay, Galway West. 
In Germany, it is recorded by Hesse from the tufa at Pyrmont; as 
plentiful in that at Greussen near Sonderhausen in Schwarzburg ; and 
cited by Mr. Kennard from the calcareous tufa of Walbeck in the Harz 
Mountain region. 
In Belgium, it is recorded by Grégoire as rare in the “‘l'ourbe” of Uccle- 
lez-Bruxelles. 
In France, it has been noted from the Quaternary beds of grey clay at 
Hers in Haute Garonne. 
In Italy, Dr. Pantanelli has reported it from the Travertine beds at 
Chianciano in 'l'uscany. 
In America, it has been found in the post-glacial deposits of Michigan. 
Variation.—In a restricted way, this species varies considerably in size 
and colour, such variations being apparently correlated with the nature of 
the habitat. 
In damp situations, especially in open places, the shells are often 
inclined to be darker in colour, more glossy, and tend to grow to a larger 
size than the specimens found in drier places, though Dr. Jeltreys records 
that he has found the largest specimens in such situations. 
Signor Bivona’s [Helix mandralisci from Palermo, Sicily ; M. Bourgui- 
gnats Arnouldia tmpropera from Constantine and Algier rs; A. callopistica 
found in Aube, Ain, and Var, and at Saragossa in Spain ; A. vesperalis 
from Spain, Algeria, and near 'loulouse ; and A. cavatice from Algeria ; 
are all probably more or less distinct varieties of the present species. 
Fic. 163. Fic. 164. I'ic. 165. Fic. 166. Fic. 167. 
lic. 163.—Helix mandralisci Bivona, frontal aspect, X 6 (after Bourguignat). 
Fic. 164.—Arnouldia impropera Bourguignat, frontal aspect, xX 6 (after Bourguignat). 
Fic. 165.—Arnouldia callopistica Bourguignat, frontal aspect, x 6 (after Bourguignat). 
Fic. 166.—Arnouldia vesferalis Bourguignat, frontal aspect, x 6 (after Bourguignat). 
Fic. 167.—Arvnouldia cavatica Bourguignat, frontal aspect, x 6 (after Bourguignat). 
Diffused throughout the Eastern United States, there exists a primitive 
and ancient race, which has long been considered as identical with the 
European //. fulea, and although Mr. Say, nearly a century ago, distin- 
guished between the more ancient form chersina and the more modern 
Fulva—the Helix egena of Say-—yet it has been left for Mr. Pilsbry to 
point out clearly their distinctive characters. 
