PYRAMIDULA RUDERATA. 197 
In a living state, it is in Western Europe chiefly restricted to the 
mountainous regions, being found throughout the Alps, the Jura, the 
Harz Mountains, the Erzegebirge, the Carpathians, and other mountainous 
chains; but in Eastern Europe, where the competition of the more 
advanced forms is less severe, it descends to and lives on the plains. 
Taal Probable Range. GH Recorded Distribution. 
Fic. 251.—Geographical Distribution of Pyramidula ruderata (Studer. ) 
In Germany, it occurs in Anhalt, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Baden, Cassel, 
Lippe, Nassau, Prussia, Saxony, Silesia, Thuringia, and Wurtembure. 
In France, it is found in Ain, Cote d'Or, Hautes Alpes, Jura, Savoy, 
and, according to Jordan, in the sub-alpine regions of the Pyrenees. 
In Switzerland, it has been found in the Cantons Berne, Glarus, Grisons, 
Ticino, and Vaud, while it has been collected by Mr. E. Collier at an alti- 
tude of 7,000 feet at Corbeyrier in the Valais. 
In Italy, it is known from Lombardy and from many localities in Pied- 
mont up to an altitude of 9,000 to 10,000 feet on the Col d@’Ollon, and has 
been reported by Porro from Sicily. 
In Austro-Hungary, it is found in Banat, Bohemia, Carinthia, Carniola, 
Galicia, Hungary, Moravia, Salzburg, Styria, ‘Transylvania, and Tyrol. 
In Scandinavia, it is found throughout the peninsula to its most extreme 
northern limits, and is especially plentiful beyond 59° north lat. in Norway, 
Sweden, and Lapland. In Denmark, it is found in Jutland, and also on 
Zealand and Bornholm. 
In Russia, it is found in many parts, extending over the Kola Peninsula 
and to the shores of the Arctic Ocean, and has been specially noted as 
existing in Archangel, Courland, Crimea, Finland, Kharkov, Livonia, 
Moscow, Olonetz, Orel, Orenberg, Perm, Poland, § Smolensk, St. Petersburg, 
Voronesh, Volhynia, as well as in Kuban. Ciscaucasia, and Suanetien, 
Colchis, Tiflis, Erivan, Baku, ete., 'lrancaueasia. 
In Asia, it is found in Armenia and in North-West Persia, throughout 
Siberia, extending to North China, Kamtschatka, and the Islands of Japan: 
and is tabulated as inhabiting the valleys of the Yenissei, the Lena, and 
the Amur; as var. pauper Gould it is recorded from the Behring. and 
Commander Isles, and Petropavlovsk, Kamtschatka, by Dall. 
In the Nearctic region, it is recorded as the var. pauper of Gould from 
Alaska, as the var. cronkhite? it is diffused along the Pacific States, being 
recorded from Alaska, British Columbia, Oregon, Nevada, and California, 
and by Prof. Cockerell from Colorado; and as var. gorktschana of Mousson 
from Ouray co., Colorado, by Mr. W. G. Binney 
