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PYRAMIDULA RUDERATA. 
Geological Distribution.—In the fossil state, this species has appar- 
ently not yet been found below the Post-Pliocene strata ; 1t may, however, 
be expected to be eventually discovered in more ancient ‘deposits. 
Pleistocene—It appears to be dispersed over the gravel and brick-earth deposits 
of the south-east of E nglands 
In West Sussex, Mr. J. P. Johnson discovered it in the old river-bed on the 
foreshore at West oun 
In West Kent, it is enumerated by Kennard and Woodward from the Ightham 
fissure near Wrotham ; and from the fluviatile gravel deposit at Swanscomb. 
In North Essex, it is said to be not uncommon at Clacton, and is also known 
from Copford ; while in South Essex it has been found at [lford. 
In Cambridge, Rev. E.S. Dewick found a single shell in the Barnwell gravels. 
In Germany, it is rare in Upper and Lower Pleistocene tufa at Weimar, Thur- 
ingia, and in the Lower Pleistocene sands of Mosbach. Baden. 
In Austro-Hungary, it is not rare in Lower and Middle Pleistocene valley loess 
at Nussdorf near Vienna. 
In Switzerland, Mousson found it rarely in Mid Pleistocene loess of St. Gall. 
Holocene—In Belgium, where it is now believed to be extinct, its remains have 
been found in the ‘* Tourbe” at Uecle lez-Bruxelles by Grégoire. 
In Bavaria, Herr Clessin records one specimen from the tufa at Oberalling near 
Regensburg ; and cites it from the tufa beds by the Ammersee, Upper Bavaria. 
In Austria, Herr Clessin records it from the loess at Heiligenstadt near Vienna. 
In Sw eden, Dr. Westerlund found it in a submarine peat- -bed at Ystad in Skane. 
In Denmark, Dr. Westerlund records it as found in caleareous tufa; and Dr. 
Johansen cites it from the freshwater limestone at Bodilsker in Bornholm, and 
from the marl-bed at Gytje in Jutland. 
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Fic, 252.—Ightham fissures, in the Valley of the Shole, near W rotham, West Kent, as they appeared 
on the visit of the Tonbridg ge Field Club in 1895. The main fissure from whence most of the 
fossils have been obtained is on the left (reproduced by permission of Mr. W. J. Lewis Abbott). 
