ae 
274 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 
Sus-GENus Cepoea Held. 
Helix nemoralis Linné. 
1667 Cochlea vulgaris testa variegata Merret, Pinax, p. 207. 
1674 Cochlea vulgaris et colore et fasctis multa varietate ludens Lister, Phil. Trans., 
vol. ix., no. 105, p. 99. 
1678 Cochlea citrina aut leucophwa nonvaro unicolor, interdum tamen unica, interdum 
etiam duabus, aut tribus, aut quatuor, plerumg; verd quinis Fascvis 
pullis distincta Lister, An. Angl., Tit. iii., p. 116, tab. 2, f. 3. 
1702 Cochlea terrestris vulgatissima variegata Petiver, Gazoph., tab. 91, ff. 9-12, and 
tab. 92, ff. 9, 10. 
1741 Cochlea vulgaris, testa variegata Linnzeus, Iter Oeland, p. 127. 
1746 Cochlea testa utrinque convexa flava; fascia subsolitaria fusca, labro reflexo 
Linnzeus, Fauna Suec., i., p. 370, no. 1294 ; ii., no. 2186. 
1758 Helix nemoralis Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. i., p. 778, no. 604. 
1817 — turtorum Stewart, Elem. Nat. Hist., vol. ii., p. 413. 
1825. — cineta and quinquefasciata Sheppard, Linn. Trans., xiv., p. 163. 
1875 — _ (Pentatenia) tonnensis Sandberger, Vorwelt, p. 927, pl. 35, f. 38. 
1778 Cochlea fasciata Da Costa, Test. Brit., p. 76, pl. v., ff. 1-3, 8, 19. 
1797  — _ versicolor Humphreys, Mus. Calonn. 
1826 Helicogena nemoralis Risso, Hist. Nat. Alp. Marit., p. 160, no. 130. 
1837 Cepea nemoralis Held, Isis, p. 910. 
1852 Tachea nemoralis Leach, Synopsis, p. 61. 
Ss ISTORY.—VH. nemoralis (nemoralis, 
inhabiting woods) was first noted 
in this country by Merret in 1667, 
who enumerates it as British under 
a polynomial designation. 
This species, which is typical of 
the Pentateniate Helices and strongly 
displays the varied fasciation char- 
acteristic of the group, is associated 
with the late Herr Georg von Martens, 
who in 1832 discussed the mode of 
banding in the group, and showed 
that the different variations are those 
of number only, all referable to five 
normal bands, which are invariable 
in position, and devised the formula 
by which the various band arrange- 
ments can be readily indicated. 
Some uncertainty has always ex- 
isted as to the precise species which 
Linné intended to indicate by the 
name nemoralis, and Dr. Westerlund 
has expressed the view that Linné’s original diagnosis (1741), though not 
defining the colour of the lip, was based on the form known under the 
name of H. hortensis, because Helix nemoralis does not exist in Oeland; 
yet as 7. hortensis was formerly and is even at the present day still regarded 
by some as specifically identical with nemoralis, the action of Miiller in 
being the first author to separate the two forms as distinct species entitle 
his views to adoption. 
