a 
322 HELIX NEMORALIS. 
Lancashire Mid—Three on the sandhills north of Blackpool, R. Drummond. 
York Mid W.—Near summit of Fountains Fell ! 8S. L. Mosley. 
SCOTLAND. 
Main Argyle—An unusually solid specimen near Oban, J. Ray Hardy. 
IRELAND. 
Antrim—Ballyeastle, J. Wilfrid Jackson. 
Donegal—A local race of reversed shells of this species must at one time have 
existed on the Fenner dunes, Bundoran, as Mr. Welch has records of nearly 2,000 
specimens, mostly Holocene fossils, obtained there. Ballyshannon, W. Swanston. 
Dublin—Specimens in the Dublin Museum, labelled ** Malahide.” 
Galway W.— Holocene fossil specimen, with formula 12045, Dog’s Bay, Round- 
stone, C. E. Wright. 
Clare—Gleninagh Castle, Gregg near Ballyvanghan, Aug. 1894, E. Collier. 
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. 
Germany—Recorded by Dr. Kobelt from Schlossberg near Biedenkopf, Nassan ; 
by A. Schmidt from Aschersleben, Anhalt, and Bonn in Rhenish Prussia ; and by 
H. Schleseh at Rodding, Schleswie. 
Belgium—Var. rubello-libeliula 00000, Pietrehais, Brahant ; and 00300, Ostend, 
West Flanders; Jules Colbean. Two specimens, var. /ibel/ula (12)0(45), and sub-var. 
brunnea 00000, found near Brussels by M. Timmermans. 
France—Aigueperse, Puy de Dome (Bouillet, Moll. Auvergne, 1836, p. 31). Sub- 
var. senestra, Lyons (Loeard, ].c.). Toulouse, Haute Garonne, J. B. Noulet. 
Italy—One, var. libel/ula 00000 by Porta Ticinese, Milan, in 1850, recorded by 
Abbe Stabile ; and var. dibedlula 12345 by Dr. del Prete from Camaiore, Tuscany. 
Switzerland—A specimen taken by M. Th. Studer is recorded by M. Charpentier. 
Corbeyrier sur Aigle, Vaud, July 1902, E. Collier. 
Geographical Distribution.— Helix nemoralis is, like H. pomatia, a 
characteristic and dominant Mid-European species, but has a wider range, 
as it naturally inhabits a compact and increasing geographical area in 
Europe, ranging from Poltava in Russia on the east, to Portugal on the 
west, and from Spain and Italy in the south, to Jemtland in Sweden in the 
north, the advance guard steadily extending its territory and gradually 
dispossessing from the regions they occupy, the closely-allied yet earlier 
evolved and therefore comparatively weaker and less dominant species 
Helix austriaca, H. sylvatica, and even IH. hortensis. 
Those sub-dominant and competitive species are naturally most plentiful 
and still supreme in the regions to which He/iz nemoralis has not yet 
penetrated, but they gradually become isolated within restricted or less 
favourable districts and increasingly Jess numerous within the territories 
encroached upon or already occupied by the more dominant H. nemoralis 
which, more especially in the north, invades the territory and restricts 
the range of H. hortensis, in the east that of H. austriaca and in the 
alpine regions of the south that of 7. sylvatica. 
M. Bourguignat and others have erroneously assumed that this species 
originated on the Central Asian plateau, and extended its range westwards 
along the mountain chains, modifying in its course to form a number of 
different species; while Dr. R. F. Scharff, on the contrary, maintains its 
birthplace to be South-Western Europe. 
As in #7. pomatia, its true evolutionary area is, however, decidedly within 
the Germanic region, from whence it has spread and is gradually spreading 
in all directions, penetrating eastwardly through the South Russian pro- 
vinces by precisely the same route as that species, thus contributing to 
confirm this as the true easterly migratory track of the dominant European 
species, as maintained in this Monograph. 
