324 HELIX NEMORALIS. 
NETHERLANDS. 
Belgium—Tlound throughout the country, and recorded from the provinces of 
Antwerp, Brabant, East and West Flanders, Hainault, Liége, Limburg, Luxemburg, 
and Namur. 
Holland—Records known only from Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, North 
Brabant, South Holland, and Zeeland. 
TEIEACTEY. 
Found almost throughout the whole of Italy, though Strobel states its southern 
limit to be the province of Emilia. Records are, however, available from Abruzzi, 
Apulia, Emilia, Liguria, Lombardy, the Marches, Piedmont, Rome, Tuscany, 
Umbria, Venetia, and the island of Sicily. The record from Apulia is based upon 
examples from the south of the province in the museum at Bologna, and that of 
Sicily upon a single shell said to have been found on Mont Gargotta near Termini. 
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
Spain—Apparently distributed over the whole kingdom, but records have been 
seen only from Aragon, Andalusia, Asturias, Basque provinces, Catalonia, Galicia, 
Old Castile, Valentia, and the republic of Andorra. It has also been cited by 
Ramis for Minorca, but according to Dr. Hidalgo erroneously. 
Portugal—Recorded by Morelet as existing almost throughout, becoming rarer 
towards the south, and as not known to inhabit the Algarve, but it has recently 
been recorded therefrom by Dr. Kobelt. Records are actually known from Beira, 
Alemtejo, Algarve, Douro, Estremadura, and Tras-os-Montes. 
BALKAN PENINSULA. 
Servia—Recorded by Dr. Westerlund. 
AUSTRO-HUNGARY. 
In Austro-Hungary, where it reaches the limits of its eastern distribution in 
Central Europe, its distributional area gradually blends with that of its closely- 
allied snbdominant predecessor Helix austriaca, whose metropolis lies east of that 
of the present species. H. nemoralis has leen recorded for Austria, Bohemia, 
Bosnia, Carniola, Carinthia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Galicia, Goritz, Hungary, Illyria, 
Istria, Moravia, Silesia, Styria, and Tyrol. In Transylvania, it is replaced by 
Helix austriaca. 
SWITZERLAND. 
Diffused throughout the country, records existing for the Cantons Aargau, 
Appenzell, Basle, Berne, Geneva, Grisons, Lucerne, Neuchatel, Schaffhausen, 
Schwyz, St. Gall, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Unterwalden, Uri, Valais, Vaud, 
Zug, and Zurich. 
SCANDINAVIA. 
Norway—Only found on the west coast; at Sandvigen, in the cemetery of the 
Cathedral of Bergen, and Ullensvang on the Hardangerfjord in Bergen Stift, and 
Stavanger in Christiansand Stift. 
Sweden—It is found in the southern parts of Sweden, and extends as far 
north as Jemtland. It is recorded from Malmé, Skane; Carlskrona, Blekinge ; in 
gardens and cemeteries at Kalmar, Smaland ; G6teborg, on the eastern slope of 
Mount Billingen, in Hellekis and in ‘‘ Ribiiks Munkanger”’ on Mount Kinnekulle, 
Westergétland; about Stockholm, Haga, and Drottningholm; Wisby and Rosendal 
in the Island of Gétland ; and Oviken in Storsjén, Jemtland (Westerlund, l.c.). 
Herr Hage has regarded the presence of this species in Jemtland as an evidence 
of a relict fauna which, owing to a warmer period in early quaternary times, ex- 
tended further north than is shown by the continuous distribution of the present day. 
He quotes it from Skane as found in post-tertiary calcareous tufa at Benestad ; 
in limestone and tufa at Mellby ; in tufa at Mossby ; in black sand at the base of a 
submarine peat deposit in the Harbour of Ystad ; and as not found in any of the 
quaternary deposits north of Skane. 
Denmark— Dispersed throughout Jutland and the islands. 
RUSSIA. 
Existing chiefly in Western and Southern Russia, and specially recorded for 
Courland, Livland, Kiev, Lithuania, Podolia, Poland, Poltava, and Volhynia. 
In Finland, according to Luther, it was introdueed artificially with fruit trees 
at Helsingfors, and is now plentiful in the gardens and parks of the neighbourhood, 
