HELICIGONA ARBUSTORUM. 423 
nice are credited with destroying considerable numbers, while woodlice, 
leeches, and newts are all cited by reputable observers as preying upon it. 
It is also hable to be infested by the several ecto- and endo-parasites 
which have been observed living upon the allied species. 
Geological Distribution. — Piiocenr.— M. Locard records the 
presence of Helicigona arbustorum in the Lower Pliocene beds of Austria 
and Germany. 
In the British Isles, Mr. F. W. Harmer reports it from the Upper Pliocene 
deposits of East Anglia ; in the Red Crag at Butley, East Suffolk ; in the 
Norwich zone of the Icenian Crag at Postwick and Coltishall, East Norfolk, 
also at Easton-Bavent and Southwold, East Suffolk, as well as in the Wey- 
bourne zone at West and East Runton, and in the freshwater Cromer 
Forest-bed at West Runton. 
PLEISTOCENE.—In West Sussex, it was found by Mr. J. P. Johnson in 
the buried river-bed on the foreshore of West Wittering. 
In Wiltshire, it is reported by Mr. Blackmore from the loess and brick- 
earth of Fisherton, near Salisbury, and also from the drift at Milford Hill. 
In Kent, it is reported from Stoneham’s Pit, Crayford ; from Maidstone; 
the brick-earths of Erith; the Ightham fissure near Wrotham; and from the 
pre-neolithic stratum, Dover, by the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen. 
In Surrey, it was found in 1877 by Mr. I’. Belt in alluvial loamy clay on 
the banks of the Thames at Kew ; and by Mr. Meyer from the freshwater 
deposit disclosed by the excavations at Blackfriars. 
In Essex, it is recorded by Mr. Searles V. Wood from the brick-earth at 
Grays, and has been found in Sam Green’s Pit, Ilford, by Dr. Frank Corner. 
It is known from the freshwater marls of Copford and Clacton, the var. 
alpestris being recorded by Jeffreys from Copford. 
In Middlesex, it is recorded from the Paleolithic sand or gravel beds in 
the north-east of London by Mr. Worthington G. Smith; and at Clapton 
by Mr. J. E. Greenhill. 
In Suffolk, Prof. Morris recorded it from freshwater marls at Stutton. 
In Cambridge, Mrs. McKenny Hughes records the type form as extremely 
common in the Pleistocene gravels at Barnwell Abbey and Grantchester : 
the var. alpestris, though present at both stations, is especially common in 
the Barnwell Abbey deposit. 
In Hunts., the Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall has found it rarely in the fluviatile 
marls at Woodston. 
In Derbyshire, Mr. A. Bell reports it from the fissure deposits of Langwith. 
In Lancashire, Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson reports it from the deposits of 
Pleistocene age in the ‘‘ Dog Holes”? Cavern near Carnforth. 
In Germany, it is recorded by Prof. Sandberger from North Baden as 
not rare in the Lower Pleistocene sands of Bruchsal. In the Lower and 
Middle Pleistocene it has been found in the Mosbach sands ; in tufa at 
Dittwar near 'lauberbischoffsheim ; in the deposits at Mauer, Heidelberg, 
Oos, Schierstein, Grotzingen near Durlach, and Freisenheim near Lahr; 
and in the Mid-Pleistocene beds of Alsace by M. Locard. ‘The var. a/pestris 
is recorded from the valley loess at Achern, Steinbach, and Heidelberg. 
In South Baden, the typical form has been found near Freiberg. 
In Suabia, Sandberger records it at Gunzberg and Huttesheim : Dr. 
Weinland has found it in the loess, and in the lower beds of the Seeburger 
tufa in the Suabian Alb. In Upper Suabia, the var. a/pestris has been 
found in sand at Essendorf. 
