GAME-BIRDS. 31 
also, are armed with one or more pairs of spurs. Of the species here 
exhibited the Common Francolin (158), formerly met with in Southern 
Europe, but now extinct there, is the most familiar, and known to Indian 
sportsmen as the Kala titur or Black Partridge. Another species, only 
found in the Terai of North India, is the Swamp-Francolin or Kyah 
(158). Levaillant’s Francolin (156), with its chestnut flight-feathers, 
belongs to the group known as “‘ Redwings,’’ in South Africa ; while the 
Double-spurred Francolin (160) from West Africa represents a somewhat 
different section of the genus. Hildebrandt’s Francolin (159) is specially 
interesting, for the female not only differs entirely from the male in the 
colour of the underparts, but has the legs armed with one or two pairs 
of strong spurs, and was for some time regarded as representing a distinct 
species. 
The Cape Francolin (161) and Erckel’s Francolin (162) are among 
the largest known species, the former being well-known in South Africa 
as the “Cape Pheasant.’’? A closely allied African genus Pternistes 
includes nine species of bare-throated Francolins, and an example of 
these will be found in Gray’s Bare-throated Francolin (P. leucoscepus) 
(168). 
The Snow-Partridge (Lerwa) (164), the sole representative of its 
genus, is an Alpine form generally met with at elevations ranging from 
10,000 to 15,000 feet above sea-level. As indicated by the shape of thé 
wing, the Snow-Partridge is a bird of rapid and powerful flight, but, 
unlike the Quails, it does not appear to be migratory, merely shifting 
its quarters to lower elevations when driven down by severe snowstorms. 
The large Snow-Cocks (Tetraogallus) (165, 166), of which six species 
are known, are also Alpine birds, very similar in their habits and mode 
of life to the Snow-Partridges, but found at even greater elevations, the 
Tibetan Snow-Cock here exhibited being met with up to 19,000 feet above 
sea-level. 
The handsome Long-billed Francolin (Rhizothera) (167), of which 
only one other Bornean species is at present known, is distinguished 
from its allies the Francolins by the long stout curved bill and by having 
only twelve tail-feathers, all the latter possessing fourteen. As will be 
seen, the male and female of this curious Malayan form differ con- 
siderably in plumage. 
Family I]. Turraonip%. Grovse. 
The members of this family are distinguished from the Phasianidee 
(Pheasants, Partridges and Quails) by several distinctive 
characters. The nostrils are entirely hidden by feathers. The legs 
are either partially feathered as in the Hazel-hens and Ruffed 
[Case 16. ] 
[Case 16.] 
[ Cases 
17183) 
