326 The Ancient Styles and Designations of Persons. 
The style of “cousin,” as applied by the Sovereign to Earls and 
to Peers of a higher title, was introduced by King Henry the 7th, 
who was either himself or through his Queen related to a large 
portion of the then Earls, which induced him to apply this style 
to the whole of them, and this has been continued ever since. 
So that it is evident that even at this day the precise style proper 
for a Marquis is not exactly settled, and that neither of these can 
be considered as inappropriate or wrong. 
JUSTICE, AND Mr. Justice. 
In the books of the Privy Council, under the date of 28th June, 
1570, is an entry of— 
‘“‘A Letter to Justice Southcote, to cause one Thomas Andrewes, presently 
prysoner in the Marshalsey to be brought to the Tower, and offered the torture 
of the racke; and to be examined by such as shall be appointed thereunto by 
Justice Weston.1 
John Southcote was one of the Judges of the Court of Queen’s 
Bench, and Richard Weston was one of the Judges of the Court of 
Common Pleas, at this date. 
In Shakespere’s play of “‘ The Merry Wives of Windsor,” Shallow 
is styled “ Justice Shallow,” he being a Justice of the Peace. This 
would now be considered quite incorrect : the style “Justice” and 
“ Mr. Justice” belonging properly in this country to the Judges of 
England only. Ona trial before Mr. Justice Allan Park, at Stafford, 
Mr. (the present Lord) Campbell, referring to the decision of a 
magistrate, named Smith, said ‘‘ such was the decision of Mr. Justice 
Smith.” Upon this, the learned Judge (Park) observed, “this gentle- 
mau has no right to be called Mr. Justice Smith ; the style of ‘ Mr. 
Justice’ in this counry belongs only to the Judges of England.” 
In the year 1831, by the statute 1st and 2nd of William the 4th, 
chap. 56, “the Court of Bankruptcy” was established ; and by it 
the King was to appoint “a chief Judge” and three other persons 
“to be Judges of the said Court.” The Judges of this Court were 
1 In Mr. Jardine’s ‘‘ Reading on the use of Torture in England.” App. No. 
13, p. 77. 
