32 
the steep precipitous mountain walls, which here and there fall 
sheer down to the valley bottom; here they glue up their in- 
accessible nests under small projections, exactly like several of 
the tropical species of swallow, which normally occupy cliff 
regions, and never come near human habitations. 
The Sand Martin also (Cottle riparia) goes so far up to the 
north, as it finds serviceable nesting-places in the sand escarp- 
ments; and wanting these, it pierces its horizontal passages 
into the turf roofs of the houses. The Swallow (Hivundo rustica) 
on the contrary, stops further to the south, and only one or two 
heedless individuals show themselves in Finmarken. 
In addition, we may mention as purely accidental stragglers, 
only quite by chance found here in the far north, the Swift 
(Cypselus apus),* the Hoopoe (Upupa efops), the Turtle Dove (Turtur 
communis), the Rook (Corvus frugilegus), the Coot (Fulica atra), 
various waders and some other birds. 
We have hinted above how the fauna in our part of the world 
shows a tendency to extend itself westwards, and that Finmarken 
has thus by degrees become inhabited by several species of 
purely eastern-arctic origin. It is worth remarking therefore, 
that there are still found various species of small birds and waders 
which inhabit the country to the east of Finmarken, (the Kola 
peninsula and north Russia), but which are not known to have 
yet passed the frontiers of Norway. Such are two species of 
Bunting (Emberiza rusticat and E. pusilla), the Yellow Wagtail 
with the lemon-coloured head (Motacilla citreola), a Pipit (Anthus 
gustavi), and the Terek Sandpiper (Terehia terek); of the Rosy 
Bullfinch (Carpodacus erythvinus) only a solitary individual blown 
out of his course, has hitherto been found near Christiania. The 
White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera), which nests in north 
Russia, is on the contrary frequently found during the autumnal 
* It may be worth recording that in September, 1888, I saw three pairs of 
Swifts, which were apparently breeding on a high cliff forming the bank of the 
river Pasvig, half-a-day’s journey eastwards of Lake Inari, in Finland, within 
a dozen miles or so of both the Russian and Norwegian frontiers, in approximately 
68° 53‘N. Lat., and 25° 53° E. Long.— 77ans/. 
+ I shot two examples on the Finnish bank of the river Tana,—that is, 
immediately on the Norwegian frontier,—at a place called Bildam (about midway 
between Polmak and Utsjok), on September 18th, 1885.— Z7avs/. 
ne 
