Suborder 21. PHQZNICOPTERI. 
The Flamingoes may be diagnosed as follows :— 
30 CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS. : 
' 
A. Palate desmognathous. B. Basipterygoid processes absent or very rudiment 
C. Nasals holorhinal. D. Mandible much praduoed and recurved behind its arti- 
culation with the quadrate. 
























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The presence or absence of the hallux is a character of some importance, though it rarely 
denotes relationship. It may be assumed that all birds had originally four toes, and that — 
the hallux has been independently lost in many families. In the Tubinares the hallux is 
either absent or is only represented by one phalanx. The Struthiones, the Casuarii, and the 
Rhew have no hallux. The following suborders contain some species which have also lost 
the hallux :—Scansores, Phcenicopteri, Gavi, Limicole, Gralla, Fulicarie, and Crypturi. | 
