GALLIFORMEs, 35 
Order IMPENNES. 
Suborder 25. IMPENNES. 
The Penguins possess at least five characters, each of which is diagnostic. 
The first digit of the manus is fused with the second in the adult. 
The three metatarsal bones of the tarso-metatarsus are very short, and are separated from 
each other throughout their whole length by deep grooves. 
The bones of the forearm are all flattened. 
The scapula is yery broad, not differing very much in size from the keel of the sternum. 
None of the feathers of the wing are differentiated into quills. 
The Penguins may also be diagnosed by their combination of the following three 
characters :— 
A. The young are born helpless, but covered with down, 8B. Spinal feather-tract not 
defined on the neck. C. Palate schizognathous. 







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The Penguins appear to represent, in the Antarctic Ocean, the Puffins and the Auks 
which abound in the Arctic Ocean. It is difficult to believe that they are not distantly 
related. The bones of the palate are so very similar in the Impennes, the Pygopodes, and 
the Alcidi, that it is difficult to regard the Penguins as far removed from the Gallo-Gralle. 
It is, however, very probable that all birds were once schizognathous, and that the 
coalescence of the maxillo-palatines is a character which has been independently assumed 
by several groups. In the articulation of their dorsal vertebrie, in their pterylosis, and in 
many other characters the Impennes are very archaic, but we may regard their abnormal 
wings as being highly specialized for the purpose of diving, rather than as resembling those 
of the Apteryx, which appear to be simply degraded by disuse. 
D2 
