PASSERIFORMES, 3 
Suborder 1. PASSERES. 
The Passeres may be diagnosed by two characters :— 
A. Palate egithognathous. B. Deep plantar tendons free. 
To this diagnosis many other characters may be added :— 
C. Oil-gland present, but nude. D. Spinal feather-tract well defined on neck. 
E. Spinal feather-tract not forked on the upper back. F. Hallux always present, 
and connected with the flevor longus hallucis and not with the flewor perforans 
digitorum. 














| | a ae 
| oO . a . 
J ‘b) tale al 5 ees Reel ee Baile a . a 
ro a ail cs waned : @ | a le) [ele] a : 3|3 .|2 
alel-|2] /8isis| |sls Ae slSiSiSSislsieteiele| (S| tle! steals! als 
ORS lS Slee iSl. ES lSlays|SlBolelShalele|S/Sia/8] sol g/e/S/ 8) 3] § a\-s 
BISle|SISiSlS/ Ses |S ral SiSlSSlSlel\ SSeS SSeS SSiSlslselsleigisié 
BES8|Sl2/S12|2/5| eae ls|f 2 (S| 8 £|S/ 8/8/55 SIE fe la rs| sls |S8|o) 2/5 
alo|=|/S)21e \o lsl5/Slb(alS| ol S)al\SiSlais|a)/s\S/slslLejels|pie/e) eld] als& 
FE EH ck FF en Ba Pa 1 A JO (HO Je 
raed Jos i ass fee fs 0d os 1S I a Jed fat ad eS E00 JS |S I i [083 IH fis Nes IS Jd ai les [si his fed 
SO a ee | rt ms [ms we pm (NON GY IGN CU LOT 1 (EN [Ga 55 |S [29 | [0 0 [0d 
—|+|-|-|- —— |} ||| | —|—|— |||} |= |= |=} |F JA 
A We lela lela lalalalelalel[lelelelalslelalelelii... a | oe | ae foe | ae | oe | ok | ok 
B al Gaal Cr al Dal elf Del lel el fel al Pal lao GaP el Dale Ol el PllUlfa lUal foal Dele ell 
Cc “eee Gee eal Fo ed ea Bl PIPoe ee ae ee se ee ee ee ae a 2 
| | | 
D cecleccfeccfeccfecctoce] oe | | | [ae [ae | ae be *|...[...  [ee.feee] | > | oe | 
E Iolo ba eed | | (eel es el Le | | Fae ae | Dee Jeers 
F ve-foesfoed] * | | > Poe Bes Solace ay ele * || x 
l l | | | 




















The Passeres may be divided into at least five families, which may be diagnosed by 
satisfactory characters (Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 518). It is impossible to say 
to what extent the subfamilies are capable of being diagnosed. 
The pterylosis of the hind neck appears to be a character of considerable taxonomic 
yalue. 
The spinal feather-tract may be regarded as well defined on the neck when the lateral 
bare tracts extend for some distance up each side of the neck, and when it is not split and 
consequently displaced by a spinal bare tract. 
The spinal feather-tract may be regarded as not defined on the neck either (a) when it 
coalesces with the ventral feather-tracts in the absence of lateral bare tracts, or (b) when a 
spinal bare tract extends up the neck as far as or further than the lateral bare tracts. 
As thus defined these two types are very constant, the only exceptions known being in 
the Limicole, Gralle, and Fulicariz. 
B2 
