TURDUS. 19 
cens the lower mandible is yellowish, only tinged with brownish 
(sometimes scarcely appreciable) towards the end. 
This species hitherto has not been noted as found outside of the 
limits of Washington Territory and Northern Oregon, nor as far east 
as the Rocky Mountains—the most eastern point being Chiloweyuck 
Depot, of the Northwestern Boundary Survey (as 15,931, July 3, 
1859, Dr. Kennerly), where it was found breeding very abundantly. 
The eggs bear a close resemblance to those of 7. swainsoni, being 
thickly spotted, instead of being plain blue, as in its nearest relative, 
T. fuscescens. 
Turdus swainsonii. 
Turdus swainsonii, Cas. Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 188.—? Scia- 
rer & Savin, Ibis, 1859, 6 (Guatemala).—Sciarer, P. Z. 8. 1858, 
451 (Ecuador); 1559, 326.—Is. Catal. 1861, 2, no. 11.—Bairp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 216.—Gunpuacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba). 
Turdus minor, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 809 (in part). 
Turdus olivaceus, Giraup, Birds L. Island, 1843=44, 92 (not of Liny.). 
(2) Turdus minimus, LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool. 1848, 5.—Scnarer, P. Z. 8. 
1854, 111.—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1860, 226 (Bogota).— 
Lawrences, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1863. (Birds Panama, IV, no. 384.) 
Hab. Eastern North America; westward to Ft. Bridger and Upper Columbia, 
north to Arctic Ocean, south to Ecuador. 
There is not much difference in the color and size of specimens of 
this species from different parts of the United States. There is a 
strong fulvous tinge on the throat, breast, and side of head and neck, 
a tawny yellowish ring round the eye, and a decided line of the same 
extending from the nostrils to the eye. ‘The upper parts are of uni- 
form olivaceous, and pretty constant in shade; sometimes a little 
grayer, sometimes with a faint tinge of rufous, though this is usually 
almost inappreciable. 
Sometimes the fulvous tinge of the breast is so slight as to induce 
a resemblance to 7. aliciz ; but here the persistence of the yellowish 
ring round the eye, and the line from eye to nostril, will generally 
determine the species. In a few instances the ring round the eye 
and loral line are very pale, but I have considered the distinct ex- 
istence of the latter as inclining the decision in favor of swainsonii. 
{t is quite possible that some of these doubtful specimens may be 
hybrids of the two species, as they invariably come from the regions 
where both breed abundantly. 
The bill is generally rather small, on an average measuring .35 
from front of bill to nostril; in one or two specimens in the series, 
as 22,250, from Washington, it measures .40, or nearly as much as 
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