ANTHUS. 153 
outer four quills, the fifth being abruptly shorter. To this belong 
A. ludovicianus, and the European spinoletia, obscurus, pratensis, 
and cervinus. Ina second section, of which there appear to be no 
American representatives, the tip is formed by the outer three 
feathers only, and to it belong arboreus, campestris, and richardi. 
Each of these has been made the type of a genus: Pipastes, Agro- 
doma, and Corydalla, respectively, of which the latter has priority 
of date. A. arboreus has the hind claw rather shorter and more 
curved than the rest. 
All the American species of Titlark that I have been able to see, 
excepting Anthus ludovicianus, appear to belong to quite a different 
type from the European. First among them is the northern Neo- 
corys, much like typical Anthus in the long pointed wings, and the 
outer four primaries abruptly longer than the 5th, but differing in 
considerably shorter tail, and longer legs, which actually reach the 
tip of tail instead of falling considerably short of it. Most of the 
South American species again, while most nearly related to Neocorys 
in these respects, differ from both Neocorys and Anthus in the less 
pointed wings. Here again there are two sections, one with the tip 
of the wing formed by four primaries (Notiocorys) ; the other (Pedio- 
corys), in which five primaries enter into this tip, the whole wing, 
the inner secondaries especially, apparently unusually broad; of 
this last a specimen from Quito (30,912), doubtfully referred to 
A. bogotensis of Sclater, may be considered the type, and to it 
belongs another species from Uraguay, which I have not attempted 
to identify, as I cannot make it agree with any described species. 
Properly, however, to define the characters of the American Tit- 
larks will require a more complete series of the species than I have 
at present access to, and for the present I merely indicate the sections 
above named. If, however, Neocorys be retained as a genus, in dis- 
tinction from true Anthus, I cannot well avoid considering the South ° 
American forms as again different, and to leave the whole question 
ou a basis for further investigation, I propose to make use of all 
these names in a subgeneric sense only. 
a. ANTHUS, Bechst. 
Anthus ludovicianus,. 
Alauda ludoviciana, Gu. 8. N. I, 1788, 793.—Anthus ludovicianus, Licut. 
Verz. 1823, 37; also of AupuBson & Bonaparte.—Bainp, Birds N, 
Am. 1858, 232.—Covgs, Pr. A. N.S. 1861, 220 (Labrador).—SciateEr, 
P. Z. 5. 1856, 296 (Cordova).—Is. Catal. 1861, 24, no. 153.—Scu. 
