154 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 
& Saty. Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).—Jonxs, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 
29, autumn.—Buakisron, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan). 
Alauda rubra, Gu. ; Alauda rufa, Wits. ; Anthus spinoletta, Bon., Aun. ; 
Alauda pennsylvanica, Briss. ; ?Alauda pennsylvanica, Bonn. Encycl. 
Méth. I, 1790, 319. 
?Motacilla hudsonica, Latu. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 503.—Viemtzor, Encycl. 
Méth. II, 1823, 447. 
Anthus pennsylvanica, ZANDER; Anthus aquaticus, Aup.; Anthus pipiens, 
Aun. ; Anthus rubens, MERREM. ; Anthus reinhardtii, HitBouu, Fauna 
Greenland, (ed. Paulsen), 1846, 25 (Greenland). 
Figures: Aup. B. A. III, pl. 140.—Is. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 80.—Wiuzsoy, 
Wesplaicu. 
Hab. Whole of North America; Greenland; Bermuda; south to Orizaba, 
Guatemala, and even Peru? Heligoland, Europe. (Gétke). Mot noted in 
West Indies. 
In spring the colors are purer than in autumn; the upper parts 
more grayish-brown, especially on the head and nape, lacking almost 
entirely the autumnal olivaceous. The reddish tinge of the under 
parts seems peculiar to the spring dress. The bill and legs also 
appear blacker than in autumn, and the dark streaks on the breast 
more confined. The shade of color of the under parts in autumnal 
specimens varies considerably from whitish to fulvous, as does also 
the size of the spots. Cape St. Lucas specimens are smaller. 
An Anthus labelled A. rupestris (obscurus), from Greenland, is 
not app¥eciably different from true ludovicianus; the legs being 
paler merely than in some specimens, and agreeing exactly in this 
respect with others. The markings of the tail are precisely the 
same. As the obscurus is not recognized by Reinhardt as a Green- 
land bird, and the ludovicianus (reinhardtii of Hélboll) is said to 
be common, I presume there is an error in the label. 
This species has a very wide range, extending over the whole of 
North America, and probably far into South America, as there are 
specimens in the museum of the Phila. Academy from Peru, which, 
in their somewhat defective condition, I am unable to distinguish 
from typical ludovicianus. <A single instance is recorded of its 
occurrence in Europe; namely, in the island of Heligoland, in the 
North Sea, where Herr Giitke has found so many stragglers from 
America and Asia, many of them unknown in other parts of Europe. 
Specimens are in the collection from various localities throughout 
the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, as also 
from Moose Factory, Rupert House, Grosvater Bay, Labrador, Fort 
Good Hope, Fort Simpson, Fort Rae (not received from the Yukon 
or Fort Anderson). Others are as follows :— 
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