GYMNOSPERMS 17 



This is one of the most important trees of the northern Pacific 

 coast and is probably the largest spruce in the world. It extends 

 from northern California to Alaska. 



h. P. Engelman'ni Engelm. Engelmann Spruce, White Spruce. 

 Bark light cinnamon-red, broken into thin loose scales. Young 

 trees of pp-amidal outline ; old trees in forests with long straight 

 trunks and pyramidal at top. Leaves stiff, ending in a sharp tip. 

 Branchlets pubescent. Cones cylindrical, about 2 in. long. Wood 

 white, valuable as timber. This replaces the preceding species east 

 of the Cascade Mountains. 



Vm. TSU'GA, Hemlock Spruce 



Similar to the true spruces but with flatter leaves, having 

 short petioles joined to a hard, woody, persistent base. Seeds 

 resinous on the surface and cones smaller. Tall trees of 

 pyramidal outline and slender, drooping branchlets. 



a. T. heterophylla Sargent. Bark thick, reddish brown. Cones 

 less than an inch long, ovate. This is found along the coast from 

 northern California to Alaska and is one of the most important 

 timber trees. 



h. T. Mertensia'na Sargent (T. Pattonia'na). Patton's Spruce, 

 Hemlock Spruce. Trees with thick, cracked bark, reddish gray 

 and apt to be scaly. Cones long and slender, 2-3 inches in length. 

 Seeds with wings almost twice their length. This is shrubby at 

 great elevations, but when favorably situated becomes a tree more 

 than a hundred feet high. The apex is slender and pendent and the 

 trunk generally slopes at base. It is found in the higher Sierra 

 Nevada Mountains and northw^ard to Alaska, wdiere it grows along 

 the coast. 



IX. PSEUDOTSU'GA, Douglas Spruce 



Flowers monoecious, from the axils of last year's leaves. 

 Staminate clusters subtended by conspicuous involucres of 

 bud scales ; pollen scales with 2 oblong pollen sacs tipped 

 by an awl-shaped spur. Fertile clusters near the ends of 

 branchlets, dark red or yellowish green, with scales concealed 

 by 2-lobed, long, pointed bracts. Cones oblong, drooping, 

 maturing in one year, but remaining on the trees after the 

 seeds have fallen out. The leaves are flat and 2-ranked, on short 

 petioles. This can easily be distinguished from other conifers 

 by the fringe-like bracts over the scales of the drooping cone. 



