CLASS I. — GYM'NOSPERMS 



Plants destitute of a closed ovary, style, or stigma ; ovules 

 generally borne naked on a carpellary scale, which forms part 

 of a cone. Cotyledons often several. 



CONIF'ER^. Pine Family 



Trees or shrubs with wood of peculiar structure, destitute 

 of ducts, with resinous and aromatic juice. Leaves generally 

 evergreen and needle-shaped or scale-shaped. Flowers desti- 

 tute of floral envelopes, monoecious or dioecious. Male flowers 

 consisting of stamens arranged in a spike, and ■ resembling a 

 catkin, with pollen sacs at the base of scales, subtended by a 

 cluster of bracts like an involucre. Female flowers consisting 

 of naked ovules at the base of scales arranged in a spike with 

 a cluster of bracts below, in fruit forming a cone with the 

 seeds under the scales or becoming a one- to few-seeded berry. 



I. JUNIP'ERUS, Jumper, Cedar 



Flowers dioecious, axillary or terminal. Staminate clusters 

 numerous, with scales whoiied or opposite, on a central axis, 

 and 2-6 anther cells to each scale. Pistillate clusters of 

 3-6 fleshy scales, each bearing 1-2 erect ovules. Fruit a 

 herry. Seeds bony. Shrubs or low trees, usually branching 

 irregularly, with aromatic wood and thin, shreddy bark. 

 Leaves either triangular, scale-like, folding over each other, 

 or linear, rigid, pointed, and free from each other. 



II. CUPRES'SUS, Cypress 



Monoecious. Staminate clusters small, very numerous, and 

 at the tips of tiny branchlets ; pollen sacs 3-5 at the base 

 of each scale. Fertile clusters erect on short lateral branchlets, 



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