GEOLOGY. 123 



Expedition between New Zealand and Sydney. In the narrative of the 

 voyage* it is said, " From these soundings, it is evident that a bank extends 

 some 200 miles west of Blount Egmont, and may possibly reach Lord Howe 

 Island." Again, " a reference to the general chart seems to indicate that a 

 bank of soundings, of less than 500 fathoms, extends a considerable distance 

 west of the north cape of New Zealand. "f This bank is exceedingly well 

 shown on the general chart. Following the track of the " Challenger" from 

 Cook Strait towards Sydney, the first bank beyond the 150-fathom shore 

 Hne, occurs at depths varying from 275 to 400 fathoms, and extends for 

 about two-thirds the distance in the direction of Lord Howe. The second 

 bank, and apparently that referred to in the previous quotations, ranges to a 

 depth of 1,100 fathoms, and it is on this that Lord Howe stands, the bank 

 extending sufficiently far in a northerly direction to include Middleton Shoal 

 and Elizabeth Reef. Between this 1,100-fathom line and the east coast of 

 Australia occurs the " deep oceanic depression," described by the Eev. W. 

 B. Clarke,^ and varying in depth from 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms. 



How far this old land surface extended to the north it is difficult to say, 

 but a very noteworthy fact presents itself if a chart of this part of the South 

 Pacific Ocean is carefully examined, and the 160th meridian of east longi- 

 tude followed up from Lord Howe. There, a little to the east of this line, 

 we find soundings at intervals represented by the following shoals going 

 northwards. § 



Lord Howe Island S. lat, 31° 36' 30". E. long., 159° 5' 10" 



Elizabeth Eeef S. lat., 29° 56' 0". E. long., 159° 4' 50". 



Middleton Shoal S. lat., 29° 27' 40". E. long., 159° 4' 17* 



Belloua Eeef s S. lat., 21° 47' 20". E. long., 159° 35' 1". 



Chesterfield Eeef & Islets. S. lat., 19° 58' 30". E. long., 158° 30' 0" 



BamptonEeef S. lat, 19° 1' 19". E. long., 158° 27' 3". 



It is therefore possible that an old land connection of Lord Howe with 

 New Zealand may have extended even as far north as the three last reefs 

 off the west coast of New Caledonia. The connection thus shown to exist 

 between Lord Howe and New Zealand is borne out in a very marked 

 manner by some points in the avi-fauua of the former. The birds common to 

 the two, whether species or genera, have already been mentioned {antea, p. 17), 

 but the occurrence of so purely a New Zealand genus as Ocijdromus, and the 

 former existence of the AVhite G-allinule, Notornis alba are facts not to be 

 overlooked in a discussion such as the present. The latter bird, as before 

 stated, was known to live on Norfolk Island, and the opinion has eA^en been 

 ventured that this island also was connected with New Zealand. Mr. 

 "Wallace referring!! to the latter, states, " it has probably been much more 

 extensive than it is now, and has included the Auckland and Chatham 

 Islands, and perhaps even at some remote period the Kermadec Group and 

 Norfolk Island." Again, speaking of the birds of Norfolk, he says,^ " but 

 there are three others which connect this land unmistakably with New 

 Zealand. These are the Nestor productus, which formerly inhabited Phillip 

 Island, but is now said to be extinct ; a fine parroquet, Cyanoramphus 

 Hayneri ; and a remarkable white rail, Notornis alba. All these are peculiar 

 New Zealand forms, and two of them would be quite unable to pass over 



* Narrative I, pt. 1, p. 466, Diagram 2, and Physical Chart of the World. 



t Ihid, p. 467. 



X Journ. E. Soc. N. S. Wales for 1876 (1877), p. 75. 



§ Findlay's S. Pacific Ocean Directory, 18S4, 5tli Edit., p.p. Liv, and lv. 



y Australasia, loc. cit. p. 564. 



1" Ibid, p. 575. 



