I TERMINOLOGY PPA 
Aitr-sacs.—Membranous receptacles, filled with air, in communication with the 
respiratory organs or passages. Pouches are often exaggerated air-sacs. 
Alar bar.—A. coloured bar across the wing (ala). 
Allantois——A vascular sack, growing from the hind-gut of the embryo and 
enclosed by the amnion; the two fuse together and form the Chorion, 
which lines the egg-shell, and takes upon itself respiratory functions. 
Altrices or Nidicolae—Nestlings which, being hatched in a helpless condition, 
are fed by their parents or inhabit the nest for a considerable time. 
Amnion.—A membrane which grows in the developing egg from the ends and 
sides of the embryonic area, and encloses the embryo at an early period. 
Bronchi (p. 13). 
Bronchial syrinz.—One in which outer tympaniform membranes exist between 
two or more successive bronchial semi-rings, while an inner. tympaniform 
membrane may also be present. In typical cases the trachea has no 
sounding membranes. 
Chest—The same as the upper breast or base of fore-neck. 
Chorion.—See Allantois. 
Compressed.—Used of lateral compression as opposed to vertical (depressed). 
Coverts (tectrices).—Feathers that cover the base of the quills (Remges, oar- 
feathers) of the wing and of the tail (Rectrices, steering-feathers). The 
wing exhibits several series above and below (greater, median, and lesser). 
Unless otherwise specified, “ coverts” in the text refer to upper coverts. 
Cubitals.— See Secondaries. 
Cuneate.—W edge-shaped. 
Decomposed (p. 3). 
Depressed.—See Compressed. 
Distal—That end of any part or member which is furthest from the 
imaginary centre or axis of the body. 
Dorsal.—The upper side of the body ; and hence applied to the correspond- 
ing surface of any part or parts of the structure. 
Filoplwmes.—Filamentous or hair-like feathers. 
Flanks.—The portion of the sides near the leg. 
Graduated.—Used of the tail when its feathers diminish in length gradually. 
Hackles.—Elongated and pointed feathers, as on the neck of Fowls. 
Heterodactylous (p. 10). 
Hyoid Apparatus—The bony and cartilaginous framework of the tongue. 
Hypocleidium.—aA projecting median process at the junction (symphysis) of 
the clavicles. 
Lanceolate-—Used of the tongue, when pointed and (commonly) lengthened. 
Lore.—The space between the bill and the eye. 
Muntle-—The feathers of the upper back combined with the upper wing- 
coverts. 
Manuals.—See Primaries. 
Nidicolae.—See Altrices. 
Nidifugae.—See Praecoces. 
Oul-glands.—Secretory organs near the root of the tail, probably used in 
oiling the plumage. Some exhibit tufts of feathers, others are naked. 
Operculum (p. 11). 
Pamprodactylous (p. 10). 
