56 SPHENISCIFORMES CHAP. 
and regaining it by the aid of their flippers. Several species are 
called Rock-hoppers, from their manner of hopping upon the 
boulders. They are, however, rarely seen on land, except in the 
breeding season, though equally gregarious at all times, swimming 
in “schools ” and resorting in vast numbers to their “ rookeries.” 
When submerged, the wings act as paddles with alternating 
rotatory action, and the feet as rudders; but on the return to the 
surface the latter naturally become the propellers. The note is a 
croak, a scream, a murmuring sound, or, in the young, a whistle. 
The food of crustaceans, cephalopods, and other molluscs, is varied 
by fish or a little vegetable matter, and accompanied by a mags of 
pebbles, often ejected near the breeding places. The nest of grass 
and leaves—more rarely of twigs, pebbles, clay or rubbish, when 
herbage is searce—iay be in burrows, among tussocks, under stones, 
in caves, or in the open; the two coarse-flavoured eggs being white 
or greenish-white, with a variable amount of chalky incrusta- 
tion. The male is said to assist in incubation, which lasts about 
six weeks; the parents sit very closely and feed the blind young 
for an exceptionally long period, by inserting their bill in that of 
the nestling. Pugnacious and thievish towards one another, 
Penguins are usually fearless on land, though, when they are 
irritated, the beak can inflict a very severe bite. 
The range extends southwards from the Galapagos round Cape 
Horn to the Falkland Islands, a few stragglers reaching Brazil; 
thence breeding stations are found eastwards in Tristan da Cunha, 
off the Cape of Good Hope, in the Crozets, Marion, and Amsterdam 
Islands, Kerguelen Land, and so on to the south of Australia and 
New Zealand, with the Antarctic regions as far as man has pene- 
trated. The largest form is Aptenodytes forsteri, and the smallest 
Spheniscus minor, about 36 and 19 inches long respectively ; the 
sexes are alike in colour, or the female may be a little duller 
and resemble the young. The bill and feet are usually reddish- 
brown, black or grey, but the latter may be whitish. The nestling 
in down is blackish- or yellowish-brown with white lower parts. 
A. forsteri, the Emperor Penguin of Victoria Land and the 
adjacent seas, is blackish-grey, with white breast and belly and an 
oval yellow spot on each side of the head. It is particularly tame, 
and moves at a marvellous rate by lying on the snow and _ pro- 
pelling itself with its feet.’ 4. pennanti, the King Penguin of 
1 Pp. L. Sclater, Jbis, 1888, p. 330. 
