Il SPHENISCIDAE 57 
Kerguelen Land, the Falklands, Crozets, Auckland, Macquarie, 
Campbell, and other southern islands, apparently confounded with 
the last-named under the title of A. patagonica, is distinguish- 
able by the longer bill, more orange chest, and lack of feathers on 
the sides of the mandible and metatarsus. The crowded breed- 
ing grounds are flat spaces of hard soil covered with slime, and 
are often quite apart from the general quarters. When disturbed 
the birds utter a loud “urr-urr-urr,” and run to the sea at a great 
pace, maintaining an upright position; while they pass to and 
from the water singly, and not in flocks, as do other species.! 
The pyriform eggs are sometimes held up by the parents’ feet. 
Pygosceles taeniata, the “Gentoo,” of similar but more restricted 
range, 1s bluish-black above and on the throat, having the lower 
parts, the margins of the flippers, and a band across the crown 
white. Dense colonies are found both near the sea and several 
miles inland, a regular path being often beaten down by the birds 
traversing it In company; the nests consist of a little herbage 
in a hollow, or are small conical mounds of stones and clay, lined 
with feathers and down, the oval eggs being frequently of unequal 
size. The note is an unmelodious bark.” P. adeliae inhabits the 
icy regions of the far south. 
Spheniscus demersus, the Cape Penguin or Jackass, ranging from 
western South America to South Africa, has bluish-black upper 
parts and throat, and white lower surface crossed by a blackish 
band—or two in the variety magellanicus. The note is a harsh 
bray ; the eggs are either deposited in burrows—presumably dug 
by the parent itself—or, as on rocky islands near the Cape, in 
nests of pebbles and rubbish, commonly placed under large stones.” 
S. (Hudyptula) minor is a bluer species with white throat, that 
part being dark coloured in the whole Family except here and 
in Ludyptes antarcticus ; it occupies the south of Australia and 
the New Zealand area. The note is a loud croak or growl, and 
the oval but somewhat pointed eggs are laid on a bed of leaves and 
grass in an excavation in the soil or a crevice among rocks. S. 
mendiculus, the only tropical form, occurs in the Galapagos. 
The genus Hudyptes contains the crested “ Maccaroni” Pen- 
1 Cf. Moseley, Rep. Voy. ‘‘ Challenger,” Zool. ii. 1880, Birds, p. 123. 
2 Cf. Abbott, Zbis, 1860, p. 336 ; Sclater, op. cit. 1894, p. 501; and Eaton, Phi. 
Trans. clxviii. 1879, pp. 154-157. 
3 Cf. Abbott, ut supra, and Moseley, op. cit. pp. 124, 125. 
+ Buller, Birds of New Zealand, 2nd ed. 1888, p. 301. 
