58 SPHENISCIFORMES CHAP. 
guns or Rock-hoppers, of which £. chrysocome, figured below, 
extends southwards and eastwards from the Falklands through the 
Indian Ocean and Antarctic seas to the coasts of New Zealand 
and the neighbouring islands. It is bluish-black with white 
breast and belly, and a fine orange crest on each side of the crown, 
from which a broad golden streak passes over the eye to the base 
of the maxilla. £. chrysolophus, a rarer bird of somewhat similar 
range, has the forehead yellow instead of black. £. chrysocome 
nidificates on elevated slopes, usually near fresh water, in which it 
delights to bathe, the nest being either a mere depression in the 
Fic. 17.—Rock-hoppers. Ludyptes chrysocome. (From Thomson’s Atlantic.) 
bare earth or a shght structure of plant-stems and leaves. This is 
at times perfectly exposed, but is not unfrequently among boulders 
or under the shade of tussocks of grass as high as a man’s head, 
the filthy breeding-places being intersected by beaten pathways 
formed by the constant passage of troops to and from the sea. 
The parent is said to sit almost perpendicularly, with the eggs 
closely applied to a naked space in the centre of the abdomen, but 
it should be mentioned that some observers state that the breast 
is lowered until it nearly touches the ground, though there seems 
to be little doubt that the position is at least half upright in the 
case of Penguins generally. Like other species, Rock-hoppers 
swim chiefly below the surface of the sea, coming into view only 
